Studies on infant mortality: Part I. Influence of social conditions in county boroughs of england and Wales

1. The Introduction (pp. 67–73) describes the course of infant mortality in England and Wales over the past century, and critically reviews arguments advanced to prove that variations in the infant mortality rate (i.m.) are caused by genetic differences with respect to viability.2. The i.m. in county boroughs shows a 2-yearly cycle of variability, affecting places with high mortalities.3. We have devised and tested various social indices and have selected five which gave the highest joint covariance with infant mortality in county boroughs during the 11 years 1928–38. These indices are:H, percentage of families living more than 1 person per room.U, percentage of men unemployed.P, percentage of occupied males in the Registrar-General's Social Classes IV and V.F, percentage of women employed on manufacturing processes.L, latitude.4. We have computed multiple regression equations involving i.m. and the five indices for each of the 11 years, and two summarizing equations. The regressions plus sampling variance account for about 80% of the total variance in infant mortality. The regression is linear.5. Latitude does not affect infant mortality in Class I. For this and other reasons we regard the latitude effect as expressing miscellaneous poverty indices omitted from our equations.6. The regression equations enable us to divide the population into various strata with characteristic average infant mortality rates. These include:‘Better off’ (all poverty indices = 0) i.m.=23·1Overcrowded poor i.m. = 108Unemployed overcrowded poor i.m. = 153Babies whose mothers work in industry suffer an additional mortality risk of at least 35 per 1000, and possibly more. The figure 23·1 is the i.m. rate that would prevail if our five poverty symptoms could be eliminated.7. In county boroughs two-thirds of infant deaths would be avoided by the abolition of conditions defined by our indices. Of the preventable deaths, one-third are associated with overcrowding, one-quarter with low-paid occupations, one-fifth with unemployment, and one-eighth with industrial employment of women. In England and Wales, over 250,000 deaths in 11 years, about 63% of the total, can be attributed to adverse social conditions.We have to thank the Rockefeller Foundation for a personal grant to one of us (J. W.) out of an allocation for research work in Prof. Lancelot Hogben's Department, and the Halley Stewart Trust for a grant for mechanical computing equipment. Our thanks are also due to the various members of the Zoology Department in the University of Birmingham who assisted in computing at various times, and especially to Prof. Hogben for his unfailing interest, advice and support.

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On the Measurement of Infant Mortality

Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries ◽

10.1017/s0071368600009459 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 433-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. J. McCutcheon

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

England And Wales

In England and Wales prior to 1956 annual estimates for the infant mortality rate q0 were obtained as the quotient of an observed number of deaths and an exposure calculated by reference to the related births. Since 1956, however, infant mortality rates have been measured as the ratio of the numbers of deaths and births in a given calendar year (cf. reference 4, Part I, supplement to Table 24).

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Perbandingan Linieritas Dalam Pendeteksian Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Angka Kematian Bayi Di Provinsi Aceh

Talenta Conference Series Science and Technology (ST) ◽

10.32734/st.v2i2.460 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Desfira Ahya ◽

Inas Salsabila ◽

Miftahuddin

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Linear Model ◽

Health Workers ◽

Additive Model ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Penalized Spline ◽

Aceh Province

Angka Kematian Bayi/ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) merupakan indikator penting dalam mengukur keberhasilan pengembangan kesehatan. Nilai IMR juga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesehatan ibu, kondisi kesehatan lingkungan dan secara umum, tingkat pengembangan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh model IMR terbaik menggunakan tiga pendekatan: Model Linear, Model Linear Tergeneralisir dan Model Aditif Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline. Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan model tersebut akan terlihat variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah kematian bayi di tahun 2013-2015. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Profil Kesehatan Aceh. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik dalam menjelaskan angka kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh tahun 2013-2015 ialah Model Linear Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline menggunakan parameter penghalusan 100 dan titik knots 8. Faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi angka kematian ialah jumlah pekerja yang sehat. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important indicator in measuring the success of health development. IMR also can be used to knowing the level of maternal health, environmental health conditions and generally the level of socio-economic development in community. This research aims to get the best model of infant mortality data using three approaches: Linear Model, Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Additive Model with Penalized Spline (P-spline) base. In addition, based on the model can be seen the variables that affect to infant mortality in Aceh Province. This research uses data number of infant mortality in Aceh Province period 2013-2015. The data in this research were obtained from Aceh’s Health Profile. The results show that the best model can be explain infant mortality rate in Aceh Province period 2013-2015 is GAM model with P-spline base using smoothing parameter 100 and knots 8. Factor that high effect to infant mortality is number of health workers.

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Pengaruh Perawatan Metode Kanguru (PMK) terhadap Pencegahan Hipotermi pada Bayi Baru Lahir

Jurnal Bidan Cerdas (JBC) ◽

10.33860/jbc.v2i2.56 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 66-71

Author(s):

Parti ◽

Sumiati Malik ◽

Nurhayati

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Health Workers ◽

Kangaroo Mother Care ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

P Value ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies ◽

Before And After

Most causes of infant death are problems that occur in newborn/neonatal (0-28 days old), Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) is one of the factors which has a contribution to infant mortality, especially in the neonatal period. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a benchmark in determining the degree of public health, both at the National and Provincial levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Kangaroo Mother Care Method (KMC) on the prevention of hypothermia in low birth weight infants at Morowali District Hospital in 2019. The type of research used was a quasi-experiment. The population is all low birth weight babies born from May to July 2019. The sample in this study was all newborns with low birth weight born from May to July 2019, totaling 30 babies. There is a difference (influence) on the baby's body temperature before and after KMC with a p-value=0,000. The kangaroo mother care can continue to be affiliated considering its benefits for both infants and mothers, as well as increasing the ability of health workers in conducting KMC so that they can provide in-house training for mothers to be carried out at home.

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QuickStats: Average Infant Mortality Rate,* by Month — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2010–2014

MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ◽

10.15585/mmwr.mm6545a11 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (45) ◽

pp. 1281 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Infant Mortality Rate

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Empirical analysis of factors influencing the public health expenditure in Malaysia

Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research ◽

10.24191/jeeir.v6i3.8783 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Kok Wooi Yap ◽

Doris Padmini Selvaratnam

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Price Index ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Public Health Expenditure ◽

The Public ◽

Empirical Results ◽

Per Capita

This study aims to investigate the determinants of public health expenditure in Malaysia. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach proposed by Pesaran & Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001) is applied to analyse annual time series data during the period from 1970 to 2017. The study focused on four explanatory variables, namely per capita gross domestic product (GDP), healthcare price index, population aged 65 years and above, as well as infant mortality rate. The bounds test results showed that the public health expenditure and its determinants are cointegrated. The empirical results revealed that the elasticity of government health expenditure with respect to national income is less than unity, indicating that public health expenditure in Malaysia is a necessity good and thus the Wagner’s law does not exist to explain the relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia. In the long run, per capita GDP, healthcare price index, population aged more than 65 years, and infant mortality rate are the important variables in explaining the behaviour of public health expenditure in Malaysia. The empirical results also prove that infant mortality rate is significant in influencing public health spending in the short run. It is noted that macroeconomic and health status factors assume an important role in determining the public health expenditure in Malaysia and thus government policies and strategies should be made by taking into account of these aspects.

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Measuring Effectiveness Of Economic Growth On Reducing Infant Mortality Rate In Tamilnadu

Restaurant Business ◽

10.26643/rb.v118i4.7993 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 118 (4) ◽

pp. 129-141

Author(s):

Mr. Y. EBENEZER

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact ◽

Adf Test ◽

Bound Test

This paper deals with economic growth and infant mortality rate in Tamilnadu. The objects of this paper are to test the relationship between Per capita Net State Domestic Product and infant mortality rate and also to measure the impact of Per capita Net State Domestic Product on infant mortality rate in Tamil Nadu. This analysis has employed the ADF test and ARDL approach. The result of the study shows that IMR got reduced and Per capita Net State Domestic Product increased during the study period. This analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between IMR and the economic growth of Tamilnadu. In addition, ARDL bound test result has concluded that per capita Net State Domestic Product of Tamilnadu has long run association with IMR.

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A Participatory, State–Community–Academic Model to Improve Pregnancy Outcomes in Texas: The Healthy Families Initiative

Health Education & Behavior ◽

10.1177/1090198120977156 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 109019812097715

Author(s):

Divya A. Patel ◽

Meliha Salahuddin ◽

Melissa Valerio ◽

Nagla Elerian ◽

Krystin J. Matthews ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infant Mortality ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Stakeholder Engagement ◽

Infant Health ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

State Agency ◽

Missed Opportunities ◽

Community Factors

Background While the Texas infant mortality rate (IMR) is below the Healthy People 2020 objective (5.7 per 1,000 live births), stark differences in IMR are seen across Texas communities. Health indicators for the state suggest important missed opportunities for improving maternal and infant outcomes. The Healthy Families initiative was a collaboration between a Texas state agency, community partners, and academic institutions to understand how evidence-based interventions could be identified, adapted, and implemented to address community priorities and reduce disparities in pregnancy outcomes. Method The Healthy Families initiative included two Texas counties, one with low utilization of prenatal care and one with persistent disparities in infant mortality. The model served to (1) identify community factors influencing IMR and maternal morbidity through stakeholder engagement and secondary data, (2) build community capacity to link pregnant women with existing and newly developed services, and (3) develop partnerships within the community and clinics to improve access to and sustainability of services. Results A community-based participatory approach focused on stakeholder engagement was used to identify, design, and adapt strategies to address community-identified priorities. Conclusions The Healthy Families initiative is a unique state–community–academic partnership aimed at improving pregnancy outcomes in vulnerable communities, with a focus on promotion of capacity building, maintenance, and sustainability of maternal and infant health programs.

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The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽

10.3390/geographies1010004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 47-62

Author(s):

Ujjwal Das ◽

Barkha Chaplot ◽

Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Private Institutions ◽

Public And Private ◽

Place Of Delivery ◽

At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

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An experimental factor analysis of cancer mortality in England and Wales 1921–30

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400019665 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 384-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Buckatzsch ◽

Richard Doll

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Social Conditions ◽

Basic Material ◽

Male Body ◽

England And Wales ◽

Cancer Of The Rectum ◽

Cancer Of The Stomach ◽

Method Of Principal Components ◽

Special Factor

A Factor Analysis has been made of the co-variation between the mortality rates from cancer of ten male body sites and of eight female body sites, in thirty large towns in England and Wales from 1921 to 1930. The method of analysis adopted is Hotelling's method of Principal Components.Four male and four female Factors are obtained, which together account for approximately three-quarters of the total variance.A Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the larynx, oesophagus, stomach and tongue in men and with cancer of the stomach and negatively with cancer of the breast and ovaries in women. In both sexes, the Factors are associated with an index of adverse social conditions.Another Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the rectum and bladder in men and this Factor is associated with good social conditions.A special Factor associated with cancer of the colon is unrelated to the mortality from cancer of other sites, save that in women it is negatively associated with cancer of the rectum.A Factor for cancer of the lung in men is unrelated to cancer of the larynx, and is inversely related to cancer of the tongue.We are most grateful to Dr Percy Stocks, late of the General Register Office, and to Dr W. P. D. Logan, Chief Medical Statistician of the General Register Office, for their help in providing us with the relevant basic material; and to Miss E. M. Hines, Miss A. H. Huntley and Miss M. Rogers for assistance in the calculations.

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