scholarly journals Studies on transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in an isolation ward for burned patients

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hambraeus
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Burned Patient ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
One Year ◽  
Isolation Ward ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYA one-year epidemiological investigation was made in an isolation ward for burned patients. The transmission of Staphylococcus aureus was mainly studied. In spite of the design of the ward the cross-infection rate was high. In all, 49 of 69 patients were infected 114 times. Twenty-six of the strains causing infection were found in a patient only, 10 in a member of the staff only and 23 in both patients and staff the week before they caused a new infection. There were three epidemic outbreaks caused by three strains of Staph. aureus all belonging to phage group III; one was resistant to methicillin. Environmental studies with settle plates showed that the number of staphylococci dispersed by a burned patient was often very high. In 8% of the observations in occupied bedrooms the air count of Staph. aureus was more than 1800 col./m.2 hr. However, the counts of Staph. aureus in the corridor and service areas were low. This seems to indicate a rather good protection against airborne transfer of bacteria. Other routes of infection were probably of greater importance.

PHAGE GROUPS AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Fred E. Pittman ◽  
Calderon Howe ◽  
Louise Goode ◽  
Paul A. di Sant'Agnese
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Group Iii

In this study, 198 strains of hemolytic, coagulase-positive Staph. aureus were recovered from 84 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and some of their relatives. The majority of the organisms fell into phage group III and were resistant in vitro to penicillin and other antibiotics. No single phage type seemed to be unduly prevalent in this group of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

scholarly journals The egg yolk reaction ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from burns

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. L. Lowbury ◽  
B. J. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I

Staph. aureusfrom burns of in-patients were tested for egg yolk reaction during three periods; in 1958 and in 1960 approximately 80 % of the strains gave a negative reaction (EY-), but in 1962 only 36 % of the strains were egg yolk negative.Staphylococci of phage group III were more commonly EY- than those of other groups isolated from burns. Within each of groups I and III, however, there were patterns predominantly EY- and others predominantly egg yolk positive (EY+); in group I the majority of strains isolated in 1960 were of phage type 52 and EY-, while those isolated in 1962 were predominantly of phage type 80 or related patterns which were always EY+.Most of the staphylococci in burns were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin; within groups I and III, the staphylococci which were EY- were also more commonly resistant than EY+ strains to these three antibiotics.Most of the staphylococci from burns were mercuric chloride resistant (presumptive epidemic strains); of the mercuric chloride sensitive staphylococci, the proportion of EY+ strains was greater than that of EY- strains.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus prevalence among hospitalized patients

Medicina ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Žaneta Pavilonytė ◽  
Renata Kaukėnienė ◽  
Aleksandras Antuševas ◽  
Alvydas Pavilonis
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group Ii

Objective. To determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains among hospitalized patients at the beginning of their hospitalization and during their treatment and the resistance of strains to antibiotics, and to evaluate epidemiologic characteristics of these strains. Patients and methods. Sixty-one patients treated at the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery were examined. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains was performed using plasmacoagulase and DNase tests. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics, b-lactamase production, phagotypes, and phagogroups were determined. The isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains were tested for resistance to methicillin by performing disc diffusion method using commercial discs (Oxoid) (methicillin 5 mg per disk and oxacillin 1 mg per disk). Results. A total of 297 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated. On the first day of hospitalization, the prevalence rate of Staphylococcus aureus strains among patients was 67.3%, and it statistically significantly increased to 91.8% on days 7–10 of hospitalization (P<0.05). During hospitalization, patients were colonized with Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to cephalothin (17.6% of patients, P<0.05), cefazolin (14.6%, P<0.05), tetracycline (15.0%, P<0.05), gentamicin (37.7%, P<0.001), doxycycline (30.7%, P<0.001), and tobramycin (10.6%, P>0.05). Three patients (4.9%) were colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, belonging to phage group II phage type 3A and phage group III phage types 83A and 77; 22.6– 25.5% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were nontypable. During hospitalization, the prevalence rate of phage group II Staphylococcus aureus strains decreased from 39.6% to 5.7% (P<0.05) and the prevalence rate of phage group III Staphylococcus aureus strains increased to 29.5% (P<0.001). Conclusions. Although our understanding of Staphylococcus aureus is increasing, well-designed communitybased studies with adequate risk factor analysis are required to elucidate further the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus provides relevant information on the extent of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic, identifies priorities for infection control and the need for adjustments in antimicrobial drug policy, and guides intervention programs.

scholarly journals Origins and Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Lineages

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 3237-3244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Gomes ◽  
H. Westh ◽  
H. de Lencastre
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
The 1960S

ABSTRACT Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates identified among blood isolates collected in Denmark between 1957 and 1970 belonged to either phage group III or the closely related 83A complex and had a PSTM antibiotype (resistance to penicillin [P], streptomycin [S], tetracycline [T], and methicillin [M]). Recently, some of these isolates were shown to have the same genetic backgrounds as contemporary epidemic MRSA isolates, and Danish methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates from the 1960s with a PST antibiotype were proposed to have been the recipients of the mecA gene in those lineages. In this study, we investigated the genetic backgrounds of isolates from the 83A complex that were fully susceptible or resistant to penicillin only in order to try to trace the evolutionary trajectory of contemporary MRSA lineages. We also studied MSSA and MRSA isolates from other phage groups in order to investigate if they had the potential to develop into contemporary MRSA clones. Most susceptible or penicillin-resistant isolates from phage group III or the 83A complex belonged to sequence type 8 (ST8) or ST5, while four isolates were ST254. STs 30, 45 and 25 were represented by MSSA isolates from other phage groups, which also included several singletons. Representatives of most of the current major epidemic MRSA lineages were identified among fully susceptible isolates collected in the 1960s, suggesting that these were MSSA lineages which carried genetic traits important for superior epidemicity before the acquisition of methicillin resistance.

scholarly journals Dispersal and transfer ofStaphylococcus aureusin an isolation ward for burned patients

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hambraeus
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Dispersed Particles ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Isolation Ward ◽  
Hospital Wards

SummaryThe dispersal ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom burned patients, the relation between nasal carriage by the staff and exposure to airborneStaph. aureus, and the transfer ofStaph. aureus-carrying particles within the ward have been studied. The dispersal ofStaph. aureusfrom burned patients was correlated to the size of the burn wound. The median values varied from 21 c.f.u./m.2/hr. for patients with small burns to 453 c.f.u./m.2/hr. for extensively burned patients. The size of the dispersed particles appeared to be smaller than that usually found in hospital wards. Carriage of nasal strains by the staff was correlated to the air counts; the number of patient sources did not seem to be of great importance. The transfer ofStaph. aureuswithin the ward was at least 6 to 20 times that which would have been expected if transfer was due to air movement only.

scholarly journals Transfer of Staphylococcus aureus via nurses' uniforms

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hambraeus
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Airborne Particle ◽  
Burned Patient ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Particle Tracer ◽  
Burns Unit ◽  
As If

SummaryThe contamination of gowns and uniforms worn in a burns unit and the transfer of patient's staphylococci by means of nurses' uniforms was investigated. The median values of staphylococci found on gowns and jackets worn during a routine nursing procedure were 3·0 × 104 and 1·4 × 103 respectively. From the results of model nursing experiments it appeared as if the fraction of staphylococci transferred from a patient's room to the air in a receiving room was 4 to 10 times less when protective gowns were worn than when no gowns were worn. The corresponding transfer directly to the model ‘patient’ was 100 times less. The protection afforded by a gown seemed mainly to be due to protection against contamination of the uniform worn underneath when nursing a burned patient. The discrepancy between the transfer of an airborne particle tracer and Staph. aurats-carrying particles earlier found in the ward could be explained by the dispersal of Staph. aureus from nurses' clothing.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus strains of phage-group IV

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Basic Set

Because the international basic set of staphylococcus typing phages includes only one member of group IV—phage 42 D—the group is insufficiently characterized. This set of phages is therefore not suitable for typing bovine strains of Staph. aureus. The addition of several further group IV phages would remedy this deficiency.

scholarly journals Crystal violet reactions of fresh clinical isolates ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom two British hospitals

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Freeman ◽  
S. J. Hudson ◽  
D. Burdess
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Restricted Pattern

SUMMARYWhen 168 fresh clinical isolates ofStaphylococcus aureuswere examined for their reactions on a medium containing 1 part in 100 000 crystal violet 50·6% of strains produced a purple appearance, 39·3% produced a white appearance and 10·1% produced a yellow appearance. Purple-reacting isolates were significantly associated with both invasive infections (P < 0·01) and hospital origin (P < 0·001). There were no significant associations between the crystal violet reactions and either animal contact or other properties previously reported to be characteristic of white and yellow-reacting strains (beta haemolysin and bovine coagulase production). The results of phage typing showed associations between susceptibility to group III phages and purple-reacting strains and between phage group II susceptibility and white and yellow-reacting strains. There was also a highly significant association between white reactions on crystal violet agar and susceptibility to lysis by a combination of all three groups (that is, I + II + III) and white-reacting strains were significantly more susceptible to lysis by phages 94 and/or 96, whether as a restricted pattern or as part of a broader pattern. The purple reaction on crystal violet medium may be a reliable marker of the ‘ hospital Staphylococcus’.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureusstrains associated with the hedgehog,Erinaceus europaeus

1965 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Erinaceus Europaeus ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

1. Strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswere obtained from the nostrils of twenty-three of fifty-eight hedgehogs; the skin of thirty-eight of fifty-six hedgehogs; the paws of thirty-six of fifty-seven hedgehogs and the anus of six of eleven hedgehogs.2. Of 118 strains, 106 (90%) were typable with human staphylophages. Seventeen were phage group I, three phage group II, twenty-five phage group III, sixty-one were typable but unclassifiable into groups, and twelve were untypable.3. Male hedgehogs were more heavily infected than females, while all ages of hedgehogs appeared equally susceptible to infection.4. Of the 124 coagulase positive strains obtained, 107 (86·3%) were resistant to penicillin. Resistance to other antibiotics—chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, celbenin—was not encountered.5. Thirty-three (83%) of forty strains produced β-lysin.6. Mites (Caparinia tripilis) and fungi (Trichophyton mentagrophytesvar.erinacei) did not appear to directly influence the carriage ofStaphylococcus aureuson the hedgehog skin.

scholarly journals Hospital infections in Spain. I.Staphylococcus aureus(1978–91)

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vindel ◽  
P. Trincado ◽  
MM. Martin De Nicolas ◽  
E. Gomez ◽  
C. Martin Bourgon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Group I ◽  
Sporadic Cases

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken to determine the distribution of phage types ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates from hospital outbreaks or sporadic cases received in our laboratory during the past 14 years. The records for 15803 isolates from 55 Spanish hospitals have been analysed.In relation to sporadic isolates we have been able to detect the predominance of phage group I and non-typable staphylococcal strains. Since 1989, we have observed a considerable increase in hospital infection caused by methicillin-resistantS. aureusstrains which we could differentiate in to two groups; one belonging to phage group III (6/47/54/75/77/84/85) and other groups of non-typable strains which could be classified as phage group I-III after heat treatment (29/77/84) and with similar patterns by reverse typing (6/47/53/54/75/83A/84/85/W57/1030/18042).During 1990 and 1991, these strains have extended widely to at least six different autonomous regions creating an epidemic situation in Spain.

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