scholarly journals The effect of antibiotic therapy on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens

1975 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Williams Smith ◽  
J. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
R Factors

SUMMARYChickens in groups of 40 were infected orally with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium and then fed continuously on diets containing ampicillin, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, oxytetracycline, polymixin, spectinomycin, streptomycin or a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine. The amount of S. typhimurium excreted in their faeces was estimated at intervals by culture on brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate, both direct and after enrichment in selenite broth; the amount of Escherichia coli excreted was estimated by culture on MacConkey agar. The feeding of diets containing 500 mg./kg. of ampicillin, furazolidone, neomycin, polymixin, spectinomycin or streptomycin or 100 mg./kg. of trimethoprim and 500 mg./kg. of sulphadiazine for 46 days reduced to a varying degree the amount of S. typhimurium and E. coli excreted, the greatest reduction in S. typhimurium being brought about by the last treatment. The effect was less obvious when the concentration of the antibiotics in the food was decreased fivefold. An important reason for the very limited effect of some of the antibiotics was the emergence of antibiotic-resistant populations of S. typhimurium and E. coli. High concentrations of antibiotic-resistant organisms also arose in the faeces of the chickens fed diets containing tetracyclines and chloramphenicol, treatments which had no apparent effect on the amount of S. typhimurium and E. coli excreted. Much of the antibiotic resistance encountered was determined by R factors, a particular R factor usually being found in the E. coli populations of individual chickens before it was found in their S. typhimurium populations. No S. typhimurium or E. coli were isolated that possessed R factors determining resistance to polymixin, furazolidone or trimethoprim. No S. typhimurium or E. coli were isolated that were polymixin-resistant and no S. typhimurium that were furazolidone-resistant. The few trimethoprim-resistant S. typhimurium isolated were thymine-dependent.The feeding of diets containing the higher concentrations of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine, neomycin, furazolidone or ampicillin for 9 days reduced the amount of S. typhimurium excreted. After the withdrawal of these diets, the amount of S. typhimurium excreted increased to the numbers found in chickens given ordinary diets throughout; the chickens that had been given trimethoprim/sulphadiazine or furazolidone did not remain faecal excreters of S. typhimurium longer than the chickens that had been given ordinary diets. Similar results were obtained with trimethoprim/sulphadiazine when the start of the 9-day treatment period was delayed for an extra 9 days or when it was extended to 18 days.

scholarly journals The effect of feeding diets containing permitted antibiotics on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens

1975 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Williams Smith ◽  
J. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Standard Manner ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SUMMARYGroups of 45 chickens were fed continuously on diets containing 10 or 100mg./kg. of different ‘growth-promoting’ antibiotics and infected orally with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of S. typhimurium organisms excreted in their faeces was estimated by culturing them at weekly intervals and in a standard manner on plates of brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate, both direct and after enrichment in selenite broth.All of four groups fed diets containing 100 mg./kg. of nitrovin in three different experiments excreted much larger amounts of S. typhimurium than did groups fed antibiotic-free diets. In some, but not all, experiments, larger amounts were also excreted by groups fed diets containing 10 mg./kg. of nitrovin or 10 or 100 mg./kg. of flavomycin or tylosin. Feeding diets containing 10 or 100 mg./kg. of virginiamycin or bacitracin either did not influence or slightly ncreased the amount of S. typhimurium excreted.Two groups fed continuously on diets containing 100 or 500 mg./kg. of sulphaquinoxaline for 44 days excreted smaller amounts of the S. typhimurium organisms than did groups fed antibiotic-free diets; no sulphonamide-resistant organisms of the S. typhimurium strain were isolated from the faeces.

Drug Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Chicken Carcasses

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1001-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA A. TESSI ◽  
MARIA S. SALSI ◽  
MARIA I. CAFFER ◽  
MARIA A. MOGUILEVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
R Plasmids ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
K 12 ◽  
R Factors

The antibiotic resistance profiles and transferable R factors of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from 104 broiler carcasses taken from one processing plant were determined. Carcasses were sampled after immersion chilling. All samples were transported iced and immediately analyzed upon arrival to the laboratory. The resistance patterns of isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined (i.e., ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, trim-ethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, neomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, colistin, and nitrofurantoin). Isolates resistant to one or more antibiotics were utilized as donors of resistance to completely antibiotic-sensitive strains, an E. coli K-12, F−, J5, azide-resistant strain and a Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Transfer of the different R plasmids was confirmed by the determination of the resistance patterns of the transconjugants. Of the 93 Salmonella and 71 E. coli strains isolated from these samples, the largest numbers were resistant to tetracycline (52.7% and 49.3%), sulfisoxazole (45.2% and 42.3%), and streptomycin (37.6% and 39.4%). Large percentages of the Salmonella (33.3%) and the E. coli (30.0%) strains transferred all or part of their resistance to E. coli K-12 in mixed cultures. Great variation was observed between different strains in the frequency at which they transferred resistance. Resistance to tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin was found to be conferred by 31.7%, 29.8%, and 21.6% of the 19 R factors identified. No transfer of resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, and chloramphenicol was detected. When 30 antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains were cultured with a sensitive strain of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis,7 (23.3%) of the resistant strains were found capable of transferring R factors. Only 2 (6.7%) of the resistant strains could transfer R factors and unusual β-galactosidase activity.

scholarly journals The effect of antimicrobial feed additives on the colonization of the alimentary tract of chickens by Salmonella typhimurium

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Williams Smith ◽  
J. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
Standard Manner

SUMMARYGroups of 33 chickens were fed continuously on diets containing feed additives that are employed commercially for a variety of purposes, and were infected orally when 4 days old with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of S. typhimurium organisms excreted in their faeces was estimated by culturing them at intervals and in a standard manner on brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate; when the chickens were killed their caecal contents were examined by the same technique.Avoparcin and lincomycin, like nitrovin and tylosin (Smith & Tucker, 1975b), favoured colonization of the alimentary tract by the S. typhimurium organisms as shown by the fact that the chickens to which they were fed excreted these organisms in their faeces in higher concentration and for longer periods of time than did chickens fed on non-medicated diets. Amprolium, monensin, dimetridazole, arsenilic acid and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate had no obvious effect on the salmonella excretion pattern.When only five chickens in each group were experimentally infected so that the effect of the feed additives on infections acquired by contact could be monitored, avoparcin, lincomycin, nitrovin and tylosin again favoured colonization of the alimentary tract with the S. typhimurium organisms and so did dimetridazole. Arsenilic acid, in contrast, hindered the development of infection. Amprolium, monensin and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate were without obvious effect.Many of the chickens that were fed on diets that favoured S. typhimurium colonization, but not those fed on non-medicated diets, were still excreting S. typhimurium organisms in their faeces when they were killed at 56 days of age, the age at which broiler chickens kept under commercial conditions are usually slaughtered.

Regulation of β-Galactosidase Synthesis in Wild Type and in a Succinate-Resistant Mutant of Rhizobium meliloti

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
A. P. Singh ◽  
J. B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Sodium Succinate ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Repressive Effect ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Wild Type Parent

The synthesis of β-galactosidase in Rhizobium meliloti WU60 was found to be inducible by lactose and its non-metabolizable analogue. isopropyl-β-ᴅ-thiogalactoside (IPTG). In contrast to Escherichia coli, galactose and melibiose were very weak inducers of this enzyme in R. meliloti. The maximum level of β-galactosidase in this bacterium is 2% of that in fully induced E. coli. In addition to glucose, the induced synthesis of this enzyme in R. meliloti was repressed by galactose, glycerol, and succinate. In comparison to E. coli, addition of cyclic AMP to the growth medium of R. meliloti did not alleviate the repressive effect of the above compounds on β- galactosidase synthesis. High concentrations of sodium succinate (100 mᴍ) were inhibitory to the growth of R. meliloti. Spontaneous succinate-resistant mutants could be isolated at low frequency. In contrast to the wild type parent, in a succinate-resistant mutant, the synthesis of β-galactosidase was not repressed by succinate.

scholarly journals The virulence of trimethoprim-resistant thymine-requiring strains ofSalmonella

1976 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Williams Smith ◽  
J. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Related Compounds

SUMMARYA thymine-requiring (thy−), trimethoprim-resistant (tmpr) mutant isolated from the faeces of chickens experimentally infected withSalmonella typhimuriumand treated with a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine was less virulent for chickens than the parent strain and athy+tmpsrevertant preparedin vitrofrom the mutant. The difference in chicken-virulence was more noticeable when the strains were administered orally than when they were administered subcutaneously. Alltmprmutants preparedin vitrofrom four other salmonella strains were alsothy−; those tested were less virulent for chickens and mice than their parent strains. After oral infection,thy−salmonella organisms were found much less commonly in the alimentary tract of chickens then werethy+organisms. This was especially so in the caeca, the principal site of colonization of both thethy+andthy−organisms. Relatively high concentrations of thymine or related compounds were found in the contents of all regions of the alimentary tract of chickens except the caeca; the caeca usually contained low or undetectable concentrations.Thethy−salmonella strains would not grow on one brand of brilliant green agar because of its deficiency in thymine; their colonial appearance on other kinds of media used for isolating salmonellae from clinical material was often ‘un-salmonella-like’.

scholarly journals Further studies on the inhibition of colonization of the chicken alimentary tract withSalmonella typhimuriumby pre–colonization with an avirulent mutant

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Berchieri ◽  
P. A. Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Rough Strain ◽  
Very High ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYOral administration to newly hatched chickens or to chicks up to 5 days of age with an avirulent, rough, spectinomycin–resistant mutant ofSalmonella typhimuriumstrain F98 inhibited the colonization of a nalidixic acid–resistant mutant of the same strain administered by the same route 1 day later. The second strain passed rapidly through the alimentary tract and persisted in the caeca of only a few chickens. Resistance to colonization did not develop until 24 h after inoculation of the first strain but was still evident if the second strain was inoculated up to 7 days later. Resistance occurred in 5 different breeds of chicken and in chickens reared on 5 different diets. Protection was evident against a very high challenge dose and could be produced by the introduction of small numbers of the first strain. Pre–colonization of chicks with the first strain of F98 reduced faecal excretion of the second strain over many weeks, whether chickens were challenged directly or by contact with other infected chickens. The rough strain F98 produced protection against only a few S.typhimuriumstrains and not against other serotypes. However, strains of S.infantisandS. heidelberg, chosen because they colonized the chicken alimentary tract better than did F98, produced inhibition of a wider range of serotypes.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage restriction in Salmonella typhimurium by R factors and transfer factors

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Anderson ◽  
E. J. Threlfall ◽  
Jacqueline M. Carr ◽  
L. G. Savoy
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Transfer Factors ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Typing Phage ◽  
F Factor ◽  
R Factors

SUMMARYA total of 2716 R factors and transfer factors isolated from Escherichia coli and salmonellas of human and animal origin were studied for their phage-restrictive effects in Salmonella typhimurium phage type 36. All of 1402 wild fi+ factors were non-restricting. The F factor of E. coli K12 was unique among the F-like factors tested in that it inhibited lysis of type 36 by one typing phage. In contrast, eleven distinct changes in the phage type of 36 were produced by fi− I-like factors. I-like plasmids can thus be subdivided by this method.I-like R factors and transfer factors from human and animal enterobacteria were categorized by their phage-restrictive effects in type 36. Factors resembling Δ in this respect predominated among fi− I-like factor from human E. coli and S. typhimurium and from porcine E. coli. Δ-like and Coll-like fi− factors were equally distributed in bovine S. typhimurium. Coll-like factors were commonest in bovine and avian E. coli.

Relationship of antibiotic resistance to results of treatment in sepsis patients in Hue Central Hospital 2017 – 2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Duy Binh Nguyen ◽  
Trung Tien Phan ◽  
Trong Hanh Hoang ◽  
Van Tuan Mai ◽  
Xuan Chuong Tran
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Relationship Of

Sepsis is a serious bacterial infection. The main treatment is using antibiotics. However, the rate of antibiotic resistance is very high and this resistance is related to the outcome of treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the situation of antibiotic resistance of some isolated bacteria in sepsis patients treated at Hue Central Hospital; to evaluate the relationship of antibiotic resistance to the treatment results in patients with sepsis. Subjects and methods: prospective study of 60 sepsis patients diagnosed according to the criteria of the 3rd International Consensus-Sepsis 3 and its susceptibility patterns from April 2017 to August 2018. Results and Conclusions: The current agents of sepsis are mainly S. suis, Burkhoderiae spp. and E. coli. E. coli is resistant to cephalosporins 3rd, 4th generation and quinolone group is over 75%; resistance to imipenem 11.1%; the ESBL rate is 60%. S. suis resistant to ampicilline 11.1%; no resistance has been recorded to ceftriaxone and vancomycine. Resistance of Burkholderiae spp. to cefepime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was 42.9% and 55.6%, resistant to imipenem and meropenem is 20%, resistance to ceftazidime was not recorded. The deaths were mostly dued to E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The mortality for patients infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are higher than for sensitive groups. Key words: Sepsis, bacterial infection, antibiotics

Hygienic risk assessment by monitoring pathogens in municipal sewage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
L. Maunula ◽  
R.M. Niemi ◽  
R. Rimhanen-Finne ◽  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Small Community ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Enteric Protozoa ◽  
Day Care Centre

The purpose of this study was to monitor the levels of human enteric viruses and enteric protozoa and to relate their presence to the microbes used as hygienic quality indicators in domestic sewage from a small community in Finland during a period of one year. Genome-based sensitive detection methods for the pathogens selected (astro- and Norwalk-like viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium) have become available only recently and thus no earlier data was available. The effluent sewage is delivered into a river that serves as raw water for a larger town and the pathogens therefore constitute a health risk. The results showed that all the monitored pathogens could be detected, and that enteric viruses were present at considerable concentrations in sewage. High concentrations of astrovirus in raw sewage were observed during a diarrhea epidemic in the local day-care centre. The presence of viruses did not correlate with the monitored bacterial indicators of faecal contamination (coliforms, E. coli and enterococci) or with bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages and B. fragilis phages). Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from one sample (1/10) each.

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