Drug Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Chicken Carcasses

The antibiotic resistance profiles and transferable R factors of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from 104 broiler carcasses taken from one processing plant were determined. Carcasses were sampled after immersion chilling. All samples were transported iced and immediately analyzed upon arrival to the laboratory. The resistance patterns of isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined (i.e., ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, trim-ethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, neomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, colistin, and nitrofurantoin). Isolates resistant to one or more antibiotics were utilized as donors of resistance to completely antibiotic-sensitive strains, an E. coli K-12, F−, J5, azide-resistant strain and a Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Transfer of the different R plasmids was confirmed by the determination of the resistance patterns of the transconjugants. Of the 93 Salmonella and 71 E. coli strains isolated from these samples, the largest numbers were resistant to tetracycline (52.7% and 49.3%), sulfisoxazole (45.2% and 42.3%), and streptomycin (37.6% and 39.4%). Large percentages of the Salmonella (33.3%) and the E. coli (30.0%) strains transferred all or part of their resistance to E. coli K-12 in mixed cultures. Great variation was observed between different strains in the frequency at which they transferred resistance. Resistance to tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin was found to be conferred by 31.7%, 29.8%, and 21.6% of the 19 R factors identified. No transfer of resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, and chloramphenicol was detected. When 30 antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains were cultured with a sensitive strain of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis,7 (23.3%) of the resistant strains were found capable of transferring R factors. Only 2 (6.7%) of the resistant strains could transfer R factors and unusual β-galactosidase activity.

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Aquarium pets as a source of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m79-078 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 535-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

T. J. Trust ◽

Karen H. Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

The Other ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

R Plasmids

Thirteen serotypes of Salmonella isolated from imported ornamental aquarium frogs, snails, and their waters were shown to be multi-drug-resistant. Among the resistances exhibited were resistance to gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim, cephalothin, and nalidixic acid. Frog isolates displayed eight different patterns and snail isolates had two different resistance patterns. The most common serotype, Salmonella typhimurium, was resistant to 18 antibacterials while other salmonellae were resistant to 9 to 16 antibacterials. Resistances in S. typhimurium and S. bovis-morbificans were conjugative and a number of R plasmids participated in the resistance. The plasmid-mediated resistance in S. typhimurium was stable and the levels of resistance conferred were markedly higher than in the other salmonellae tested. Resistance of other serotypes was non-conjugative and resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics was unstable.

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Antimicrobial resistance among salmonella isolates from hospitals in Rome

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400070133 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 275-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Vincenzo Falbo ◽

Alfredo Caprioli ◽

Francesca Mondello ◽

Maria Luisa Cacace ◽

Stefania Luzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

R Plasmids ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Significant Change

SummaryThe susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 569 salmonella isolates collected in 1977–8 from patients in hospitals in Rome was tested. Fifty-nine per cent of all isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most common to sulphathiazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, whereas colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and nalidixic acid were the most activein vitro.Multiple resistance was most frequently found in strains ofSalmonella wienandS. typhimurium(94% and 38% respectively).A significant change in the resistance pattern ofS. wienwas observed between 1977 and 1978, with a significant increase of susceptibility to some antimicrobials in 1978.Twenty-one R-plasmids transmissible toE. coliK12 were derived from 46 resistant strains ofS. typhimurum.

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Synergism of the Combination of Traditional Antibiotics and Novel Phenolic Compounds against Escherichia coli

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9100811 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 811

Author(s):

Md. Akil Hossain ◽

Hae-Chul Park ◽

Sung-Won Park ◽

Seung-Chun Park ◽

Min-Goo Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Rattus Norvegicus ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Epicatechin Gallate ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Novel Approaches ◽

Rapid Emergence

Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli)-associated infections are becoming difficult to treat because of the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel approaches are required to prevent the progression of resistance and to extend the lifespan of existing antibiotics. This study was designed to improve the effectiveness of traditional antibiotics against E. coli using a combination of the gallic acid (GA), hamamelitannin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of each of the phenolic compound-antibiotic combinations against E. coli was ascertained. Considering the clinical significance and FICI, two combinations (hamamelitannin-erythromycin and GA-ampicillin) were evaluated for their impact on certain virulence factors of E. coli. Finally, the effects of hamamelitannin and GA on Rattus norvegicus (IEC-6) cell viability were investigated. The FICIs of the antibacterial combinations against E. coli were 0.281–1.008. The GA-ampicillin and hamamelitannin-erythromycin combinations more effectively prohibited the growth, biofilm viability, and swim and swarm motilities of E. coli than individual antibiotics. The concentration of hamamelitannin and GA required to reduce viability by 50% (IC50) in IEC-6 cells was 988.54 μM and 564.55 μM, correspondingly. GA-ampicillin and hamamelitannin-erythromycin may be potent combinations and promising candidates for eradicating pathogenic E. coli in humans and animals.

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Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urban and agricultural streams in Canterbury, New Zealand

FEMS Microbiology Letters ◽

10.1093/femsle/fnz104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 366 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sophie Van Hamelsveld ◽

Muyiwa E Adewale ◽

Brigitta Kurenbach ◽

William Godsoe ◽

Jon S Harding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

New Zealand ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Mesophilic Bacteria ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Population Counts

Abstract Baseline studies are needed to identify environmental reservoirs of non-pathogenic but associating microbiota or pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and to inform safe use of freshwater ecosystems in urban and agricultural settings. Mesophilic bacteria and Escherichia coli were quantified and isolated from water and sediments of two rivers, one in an urban and one in an agricultural area near Christchurch, New Zealand. Resistance of E. coli to one or more of nine different antibiotics was determined. Additionally, selected strains were tested for conjugative transfer of resistances. Despite having similar concentrations of mesophilic bacteria and E. coli, the rivers differed in numbers of antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates. Fully antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant strains coexist in the two freshwater ecosystems. This study was the first phase of antibiotic resistance profiling in an urban setting and an intensifying dairy agroecosystem. Antibiotic-resistant E. coli may pose different ingestion and contact risks than do susceptible E. coli. This difference cannot be seen in population counts alone. This is an important finding for human health assessments of freshwater systems, particularly where recreational uses occur downstream.

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Paper-based analytical devices for colorimetric detection of S. aureus and E. coli and their antibiotic resistant strains in milk

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/d0an01075h ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 145 (22) ◽

pp. 7320-7329

Author(s):

Muhammad Asif ◽

Fazli Rabbi Awan ◽

Qaiser Mahmood Khan ◽

Bongkot Ngamsom ◽

Nicole Pamme

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Colorimetric Detection ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Paper Microfluidic ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Appropriate Prescription

We investigate paper microfluidic devices for detection of pathogenic bacteria and their sensitivity towards β-lactamase and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) in milk samples to enable appropriate prescription of antibiotics for mastitis.

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The effect of antibiotic therapy on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400047306 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 275-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

H. Williams Smith ◽

J. F. Tucker

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Brilliant Green ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Resistant Mutant ◽

Limited Effect ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Faecal Excretion ◽

E Coli ◽

High Concentrations ◽

R Factors

SUMMARYChickens in groups of 40 were infected orally with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium and then fed continuously on diets containing ampicillin, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, oxytetracycline, polymixin, spectinomycin, streptomycin or a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine. The amount of S. typhimurium excreted in their faeces was estimated at intervals by culture on brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate, both direct and after enrichment in selenite broth; the amount of Escherichia coli excreted was estimated by culture on MacConkey agar. The feeding of diets containing 500 mg./kg. of ampicillin, furazolidone, neomycin, polymixin, spectinomycin or streptomycin or 100 mg./kg. of trimethoprim and 500 mg./kg. of sulphadiazine for 46 days reduced to a varying degree the amount of S. typhimurium and E. coli excreted, the greatest reduction in S. typhimurium being brought about by the last treatment. The effect was less obvious when the concentration of the antibiotics in the food was decreased fivefold. An important reason for the very limited effect of some of the antibiotics was the emergence of antibiotic-resistant populations of S. typhimurium and E. coli. High concentrations of antibiotic-resistant organisms also arose in the faeces of the chickens fed diets containing tetracyclines and chloramphenicol, treatments which had no apparent effect on the amount of S. typhimurium and E. coli excreted. Much of the antibiotic resistance encountered was determined by R factors, a particular R factor usually being found in the E. coli populations of individual chickens before it was found in their S. typhimurium populations. No S. typhimurium or E. coli were isolated that possessed R factors determining resistance to polymixin, furazolidone or trimethoprim. No S. typhimurium or E. coli were isolated that were polymixin-resistant and no S. typhimurium that were furazolidone-resistant. The few trimethoprim-resistant S. typhimurium isolated were thymine-dependent.The feeding of diets containing the higher concentrations of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine, neomycin, furazolidone or ampicillin for 9 days reduced the amount of S. typhimurium excreted. After the withdrawal of these diets, the amount of S. typhimurium excreted increased to the numbers found in chickens given ordinary diets throughout; the chickens that had been given trimethoprim/sulphadiazine or furazolidone did not remain faecal excreters of S. typhimurium longer than the chickens that had been given ordinary diets. Similar results were obtained with trimethoprim/sulphadiazine when the start of the 9-day treatment period was delayed for an extra 9 days or when it was extended to 18 days.

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Terminalia ferdinandiana Fruit and Leaf Extracts Inhibit Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Growth

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/a-1013-0434 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 85 (16) ◽

pp. 1253-1262 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matthew J. Cheesman ◽

Alan White ◽

Ben Matthews ◽

Ian E. Cock

Keyword(s):

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Growth Inhibitory ◽

Growth Inhibitory Activity ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Spectrum Activity ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Terminalia Ferdinandiana

AbstractThe development of multiple antibiotic–resistant bacteria has vastly depleted our repertoire of effective antibiotic chemotherapies. The development of multi-β-lactam-resistant strains are particularly concerning due to our previous reliance on this class of antibiotics because of their initial efficacy and broad-spectrum activity. With increases in extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistance and an expanded resistance to other classes of antibiotics, there is an urgent need for the development of effective new antibiotic therapies. Terminalia ferdinandiana is an endemic Australian plant known for its high antioxidant and tannin contents. T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts have strong antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. However, T. ferdinandiana extracts have not been tested against ESBL and MRSA antibiotic-resistant pathogens. An objective of this study was to screen T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts for bacterial growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against β-lactam-sensitive and -resistant E. coli strains and against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by liquid dilution techniques. The fruit methanolic extract, as well as the methanolic, aqueous, and ethyl acetate leaf extracts strongly inhibited the growth of the MRSA, with MICs as low as 223 µg/mL. In contrast, the extracts were ineffective inhibitors of ESBL growth. Metabolomic fingerprint analysis identified a diversity and relative abundance of tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, several of which have been reported to inhibit MRSA growth in isolation. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use.

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Antimicrobial use policy change in pre-weaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli: a cross sectional and ecological study

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Josephine A. Afema ◽

Margaret A. Davis ◽

William M. Sischo

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Latent Class ◽

Farm Management ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Policy Changes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Calf Health ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background This study is based on data collected to investigate the relation of peri-parturient events (colostrum quality, passive transfer of immunity, calving difficulty) on calf health and antimicrobial use. A component of the study was to provide feedback to farm management to identify calves at risk for disease and promote antimicrobial stewardship. At the start of the study (May 2016), a combination of enrofloxacin, penicillin, and sulfamethoxazole was the first treatment given to clinically abnormal calves. Based on feedback and interaction between study investigators, farm management and consulting veterinarians, a new policy was implemented to reduce antimicrobial use in calves. In August, the first treatment was changed to a combination of ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole. In September, the first treatment was reduced to only sulfamethoxazole. We investigated the effects of these policy changes in antimicrobial use on resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. Results We enrolled 4301 calves at birth and documented antimicrobial use until weaning. Most calves (99.4%) received antimicrobials and 70.4% received a total of 2–4 treatments. Antimicrobial use was more intense in younger calves (≤ 28 days) relative to older calves. We isolated 544 E. coli from fecal samples obtained from 132 calves. We determined resistance to 12 antimicrobials and 85% of the isolates were resistant to at least 3 antimicrobial classes. We performed latent class analysis to identify underlying unique classes where isolates shared resistance patterns and selected a solution with 4 classes. The least resistant class had isolates that were mainly resistant to only tetracycline and sulfisoxazole. The other 3 classes comprised isolates with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, in addition to either ceftiofur; or nalidixic acid; or ciprofloxacin plus nalidixic acid and ceftiofur. Overall, E coli from younger calves and calves that received multiple treatments were more likely to have extensive resistance including resistance to fluoroquinolones and ceftiofur. In general, there was a declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes were implemented, except for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and gentamicin. Conclusions Information feedback to farms can influence farm managers to reduce antimicrobial use and this can change endemic farm resistance patterns.

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Transmission of infectious drug resistance from animals to man

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400046374 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 209-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

D. M. Wells ◽

O. B. James

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Treatment ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

R Factor ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽

R Factors

SUMMARYThe antibiotic resistance patterns of coliforms in faecal specimens from pigs and their human contacts were studied. The ability of the resistant coliforms to transfer their resistance in vitro to antibiotic-sensitive recipients was examined. The results showed that pigs which had received antibiotics carried more multiply-resistant, R-factor bearing coliforms than pigs which had not been given antibiotics. Human contacts of the antibiotic-treated pigs had a higher incidence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms with R-factors than human contacts of pigs which had not been given antibiotics. It is concluded that antibiotic treatment of farm, animals may lead to acquisition of antibiotic resistance by gut coliforms of man.

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Interaction of a colicinogenic factor with a resistance factor and with the fertility factor F inEscherichia coliK-12

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300012143 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 151-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pearl Cooper

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Recombinant Plasmid ◽

Resistance Factor ◽

E Coli ◽

Fertility Factor ◽

Plasmid Incompatibility ◽

R Factor ◽

Transmissible Plasmid ◽

K 12 ◽

R Factors

SUMMARYThe resistance (R)-factor R538–1drdof three F-like R-factors tested can cause the transfer of the non-transmissible ColV determinant fromE. coliV. The col factor, once transferred toE. coliK-12 strains, was shown to be related to the fertility factor, F, on the basis of entry exclusion and plasmid incompatibility. The col factor was found to recombine with R538–1drd, yielding a transmissible plasmid comprised of the col determinant and the sex factor of the R-factor, but not the resistance genes. The recombinant plasmid was found to be incompatible with both R538–1drdand F, and excluded the entry of R538–1drdbut not F.

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