Geospatial Investigation of Nigerian Honey and Detection of Anti-Enteric Biomarker

Geospatial mapping and antibacterial biomarkers were investigated in Nigerian honey used for therapeutic purposes in several communities affected with prevalent antibiotic-resistant enteric bacilli. Randomly collected enteric bacilli from faecal samples were biotyped and phenotypically assayed for antibiotic resistance and profiled for R plasmids. R plasmid molecular weight and multiantibiotic resistance index (MARI) relatedness were evaluated for resistance among phylogroups. Honey cidal activity, time kill kinetics, and bioactive markers were determined and analysed for geospatial distribution. More than 30% enteric biotypes were resistant to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline at MIC ≥16 μg/ml (P=0.004). Two unrelated cluster complexes with diverse antibiotic resistance indices expressed high molecular weight plasmid (14.17 kbp) with 0.73 MARI to two classes of antibiotics. Among the resistant bacilli, only 24.3% (MIC90 500 mg/mL) and 8.1% (MBC90 1000 mg/mL) were susceptible to honey with evidence of 14.85% and 5.94% significant viable reduction at 2 × MIC to less than 2.50 Log10 CFU/mL (P<0.05). Only alkaloids significantly regressed (P=0.028) with susceptibility of resistant bacilli significantly correlate with bacteria inhibition (r = 0.534, P=0.049) at optimal cutoff limit of 0.32 mg/ml. Antibacterial honey with significant alkaloid biomarkers was detected at 3°10′0–3°30′0E and 6°30′0–7°30′0N of Southwest Nigeria. Spatial mapping evidently indicated variation in honey physicochemical and bioactive compounds and identified geographical locations suitable for production of anti-enteric honey rich in alkaloids marker required for prevention and treatment of resistant enteric bacilli infections.

High Prevalence of Metal Resistant Genes in Salmonella enterica MDR Plasmids Correlates Severe Toxicities of Water with higher Typhoid AMR

AMR and drug void have caused huge panic today with few thousand death per year. MDR Typhoid was a serious old disease and caused serious health hazard in humen and animals demanding an update on molecular biology of the status on transferable genetic elements. R-plasmids combined in F&rsquo;-plasmid and the new MDR conjugative plasmids were shown abundant in Sanmonella ranging 70-440kb with similarities. BlaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaNDM mdr genes were abundant in &gt;50 plasmids analyzed and metal resistant gene clusters are predominant in most large plasmids. Among the acetyltransferase all catA1, aacA1 and aac-1b-cr genes were located. Abundant streptomycin phosphotransferases (StrAB) and rarely colistin resistant Mcr-5/9 phosphoethanolamine&ndash;lipid A transferase were detected. Altered isomeric dihydropterote synthases (Sul1/2/3) were present giving sulfamethoxazole resistance and dhfr gene frequently associated giving trimethoprim resistance. Metal resistant gene clusters like SilABC (CusABC), PcoAB, RcnA, terABC, and merABCXT etc were found in many Salmonella enterica plasmids. Toxin genes like HipA and virulence genes like spvABD were located in few plasmids increasing virulence and pathogenesis. Drug efflux genes tetA or tetB and OqxB, floR, CmlA were frequent where as QepA and EamA genes were rarely seen. Thus, Salmonella metal resistant genes combined with antibiotic resistant genes has tried to overcome the both toxic antibiotics and metalions causing Typhoid AMR. Such acquisition spreads salmoniasis in the live stocks (pig, cow, chicken) where toxic soil and water dominate increasing chance of MDR typhoid in human.

Roles of Vitamin Metabolizing Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Plasmids of Superbugs

Superbug crisis has rocked this world with million deaths due to failure of potent antibiotics. Thousands mdr genes with hundreds of mutant isomers are generated. Small integrons and R-plasmids have combined with F’-plasmids creating a space for >10-20 of mdr genes that inactivate antibiotics in different mechanisms. Mdr genes are created to save bacteria from antibiotics because gut microbiota synthesize >20 vitamins and complex bio-molecules needed for >30000 biochemical reactions of human metabolosome. In other words, mdr gene creation is protected from both sides, intestinal luminal cells and gut bacteria in a tight symbiotic signalling system. We have proposed, to avert the crisis all vitamin metabolizing genes will be acquired in MDR- plasmids if we continue oral antibiotics therapy. Therefore, we have checked the plasmid databases and have detected thiamine, riboflavin, folate, cobalamine and biotin metabolizing enzymes in MDR plasmids. Thusvitgenes may mobilise recently into MDR-plasmids and are likely essential for gut microbiota protection. Analysis found thatcobandthigenes are abundant and likely very essential than other vit genes.

Chloramphenicol resistance genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from human and animal sources in Hungary

The presence of the chloramphenicol resistance genes cat, cmlA, flo, and the role of plasmids and class 1 integrons in the spread and persistence of chloramphenicol resistance were investigated on a collection of 40 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains isolated from animals and humans in Hungary, by PCR and conjugation. Three groups of chloramphenicol resistant strains were identified. Eleven animal and 13 human isolates harboured the flo gene, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol and florfenicol, and possessed integrons of 1.0 Kb and 1.2 Kb typically found on the multidrug resistance island of S. Typhimurium DT104. Fifteen human strains had two different chloramphenicol resistance genes: the catB3 gene, identified as a gene cassette within a 1.45 Kb integron, and the catA gene, both of which were located on and transferred by a 140 Kb plasmid from a representative strain to the E. coli recipient via conjugation. A single animal strain had the catA gene alone, which was also transferred by a 35 Kb plasmid via conjugation. These three groups of strains belonged to three distinct genetic clusters, as it was revealed by macrorestriction analysis of 18 selected strains. This study provides information on the versatile genetic background of the chloramphenicol and florfenicol resistances in S. Typhimurium in Hungary and points to the significance of mobile genetic elements such as conjugative R-plasmids and integrons in the spread and persistence of chloramphenicol resistance genes. The results also indicate the predominance of the flo gene among animal strains and its appearance among human strains inHungary.