scholarly journals The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village: II. Bacterial contamination of drinking water in a Nile Delta village

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila El Attar ◽  
Aleya Abdel Gawad ◽  
Amal E. M. Khairy ◽  
Olfat El Sebaie
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Minimum Quality

SUMMARYWhilst the major danger associated with drinking water is that it may be contaminated with sewage or human excreta, the danger of pollution from animals must not be overlooked. Outbreaks of infection from drinking water are frequently reported (Melnick & Gerba, 1979) and high prevalence rates of diarrhoeal diseases have been found in the Nile Delta (Sallamet al. unpublished data). The supply of potable water is a critically urgent national problem and is of especial importance to communities which must rely on poorly designed supply systems and which lack even the minimum quality control services.

scholarly journals The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. I. Parasitological assessment of ‘zir’ stored and direct tap water

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal E. M. Khairy ◽  
Olfat El Sebaie ◽  
Aleya Abdel Gawad ◽  
Laila El Attar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Water Borne

Drinking water is a recognized mode of transmission of various parasitic and bacterial infections and high prevalence rates of water-borne infection have been found during past studies in rural areas of the Nile Delta (Farag et al. 1979; Khairy. Barakat & Omar, 1978).

scholarly journals Determination of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite in Water Supply Systems by Verified Methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Tkáčová ◽  
Jarmila Božíková
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Electrochemical Method ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Chlorophenol Red ◽  
Supply Systems

AbstractThis work is dedicated to the development and optimization of appropriate analytical methods for the determination of chlorine dioxide and chlorite in drinking water in order to obtain accurate and correct results in the quality control of drinking water. The work deals with the development and optimization of a method for the determination of chlorine dioxide using chlorophenol red. Furthermore, a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of chlorite via bromometry using methyl orange was developed, optimized and validated. An electrochemical method for the determination of chlorite by flow coulometry was also developed, optimized and validated.

scholarly journals Cooccurrence of Free-Living Amoebae and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Hospital Water Networks, and Preferential Growth of Mycobacterium avium in Acanthamoeba lenticulata

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 3185-3192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alida R. Ovrutsky ◽  
Edward D. Chan ◽  
Marinka Kartalija ◽  
Xiyuan Bai ◽  
Mary Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mycobacterium Chelonae ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Collection Strain

ABSTRACTThe incidence of lung and other diseases due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing. NTM sources include potable water, especially in households where NTM populate pipes, taps, and showerheads. NTM share habitats with free-living amoebae (FLA) and can grow in FLA as parasites or as endosymbionts. FLA containing NTM may form cysts that protect mycobacteria from disinfectants and antibiotics. We first assessed the presence of FLA and NTM in water and biofilm samples collected from a hospital, confirming the high prevalence of NTM and FLA in potable water systems, particularly in biofilms.Acanthamoebaspp. (genotype T4) were mainly recovered (8/17), followed byHartmannella vermiformis(7/17) as well as one isolate closely related to the genusFlamellaand one isolate only distantly related to previously described species. Concerning mycobacteria,Mycobacterium gordonaewas the most frequently found isolate (9/17), followed byMycobacterium peregrinum(4/17),Mycobacterium chelonae(2/17),Mycobacterium mucogenicum(1/17), andMycobacterium avium(1/17). The propensity ofMycobacterium aviumhospital isolate H87 andM. aviumcollection strain 104 to survive and replicate within various FLA was also evaluated, demonstrating survival of both strains in all amoebal species tested but high replication rates only inAcanthamoeba lenticulata. AsA. lenticulatawas frequently recovered from environmental samples, including drinking water samples, these results could have important consequences for the ecology ofM. aviumin drinking water networks and the epidemiology of disease due to this species.

Comparing the Impact of Religious Discourse on HIV/AIDS in Islam and Christianity in Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sloane Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

In examining the strikingly high prevalence rates of HIV in many parts of Africa, reaching as high as 5% in some areas, how does the discourse promoted by the predominant religions across the continent, Islam and Christianity, affect the outlook of their followers on the epidemic? This question becomes even more intriguing after discovering the dramatic difference in rate of HIV prevalence between Muslims and Christians in Africa, confirmed by studies that have found a negative relationship to exist between HIV prevalence and being Muslim in Africa, even in Sub-Saharan African nations. Why does this gap in prevalence rates exist? Does Islam advocate participating in less risky behavior more so than Christianity? By comparing the social construction, epidemiological understanding and public responses among Muslim populations in Africa with Christian ones, it becomes apparent that many similarities exist between the two regarding discourse and that, rather than religious discourse itself, other social factors, such as circumcision practices, contribute more to the disparity in HIV prevalence than originally thought.

Review of research in the field of hygiene safety of recreational and drinking water use of the population of the Top Don basin

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Igor Mekhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Current System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
State Monitoring ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Regional Problems

The article provides an overview of regional studies addressing the hygienic safety of recreational and drinking water use of the population of the Upper Don basin, conducted on the territory of the Voronezh region. The results of dissertation research for 1997–2019 and materials of modern scientific publications on the studied problem for 2015–2019, showing priority regional problems of water use of the population of the Upper Don Basin are considered. The data of scientific and practical work and state monitoring on the inconsistency of water quality with current standards in places of recreation at water bodies and drinking water of centralized water supply systems for sanitary and chemical indicators and microbiological safety indicators are presented. A description of the current system for monitoring the state of water resources is presented and attention is drawn to the need for its improvement.

Methodological Approaches to Organization of Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Programs

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Novikova ◽  
I.O. Myasnikov ◽  
A.A. Kovshov ◽  
N.A. Tikhonova ◽  
N.S. Bashketova
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Supply Systems

Summary. Introduction: Drinking water is one of the most important environmental factors sustaining life and determining human health. The goal of the Russian Federal Clean Water Project is to improve drinking water quality through upgrading of water treatment and supply systems using advanced technologies, including those developed by the military-industrial complex. The most informative and reliable sources of information for assessing drinking water quality are the results of systematic laboratory testing obtained within the framework of socio-hygienic monitoring (SGM) and production control carried out by water supply organizations. The objective of our study was to formulate approaches to organizing quality monitoring programs for centralized cold water supply systems. Materials and methods: We reviewed programs and results of drinking water quality laboratory tests performed by Rospotrebnadzor bodies and institutions within the framework of SGM in 2017–2018. Results: We established that drinking water quality monitoring in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation differs significantly in the number of monitoring points (566 in the Krasnoyarsk Krai vs 10 in Sevastopol) and measured indicators, especially sanitary and chemical ones (53 inorganic and organic substances in the Kemerovo Region vs one indicator in the Amur Region). Discussion: For a more complete and objective assessment of drinking water quality in centralized cold water supply systems, monitoring points should be organized at all stages of water supply with account for the coverage of the maximum number of people supplied with water from a particular network. Thus, the number of points in the distribution network should depend, inter alia, on the size of population served. In urban settlements with up to 10,000 inhabitants, for example, at least 4 points should be organized while in the cities with more than 3,000,000 inhabitants at least 80 points are necessary. We developed minimum mandatory lists of indicators and approaches to selecting priority indices to be monitored at all stages of drinking water supply.

Flavor Profile Analysis and GC/MS Detection of Phenolic Iodinated Disenfection Byproducts in Drinking Water for the USA Space Program

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Dietrich ◽  
Susan Mirlohi ◽  
Willian F. DaCosta ◽  
Jennifer Peters Dodd ◽  
Richard Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Odor Threshold ◽  
Odor Evaluation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Flavor Profile Analysis ◽  
Flavor Profile

Reactions of iodine and phenol were investigated to determine which iodophenols were produced and their odor properties. The research was performed in support of the USA space program that applies iodine to disinfect potable water for spacecraft use. Higher concentrations (50 mg/l) and higher iodine:phenol (e.g. 10:1) ratios resulted in the formation of greater iodophenol concentrations and higher substituted iodophenols. The reactions were fast and nearly complete within 1 hour. For pH 5.5 and 8 and all iodine:phenol ratios, formation of monosubstituted compounds indicated that 2-iodophenol was favored over 4-iodophenol. At the intermediate iodine:phenol ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, substantial amounts of the diiophenols formed and persisted for up to 32 days. The diiodophenols were not detected at iodine:phenol ratios of 0.2:1 and 10:1. The compound 2,4,6-triiodophenol was the major product formed at a 10:1 iodine:phenol ratio and the formation of this trisubstituted phenol appeared nearly complete. Odor evaluation indicated that the iodophenols have much lower odor threshold concentrations (OTC) than phenol. The 2- and 4- iodophenol had OTC values of ≅ 1 and 500 μg/l, respectively, with odors described as “medicinal, phenol, chemical”.

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