scholarly journals The modes of action of toxic agents I. Observations on the poisoning of certain crustaceans by copper and mercury

1956 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. S. Corner ◽  
B. W. Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Toxic Agents

Reports of recent attempts to discover how copper and mercury act as poisons to crustaceans are to be found in papers by Clarke (1947), Pyefinch & Mott (1948), Barnes & Stanbury (1948), Hoffmann (1950) and Russell Hunter (1950). Most of the evidence obtained has been interpreted in the light of two general theories (cf. Pyefinch & Mott, 1948). One is that these poisons exert their toxic effects by inactivating vital processes which occur at the animal's surface: the other is that they are absorbed by the animal and act internally by inhibiting metabolic changes. However, conclusive evidence supporting or excluding either possibility has yet to be obtained.

Devotional Emerson

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Gurley
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

AbstractAgainst anti-realist readings of the Emersonian self, perhaps most influentially Cavell’s reading, this essay argues that Emerson is a devotional writer. Emerson’s notion of subjectivity is based in two complementary modes of action - one receptive and the other expressive - as one works to “align” oneself with the larger forces that constitute and order the universe. How the world is and how we humans make our way through it are not the same and must not be confused. Such confusion is the decisive mistake the anti-realist critic of Emerson makes. The Emersonian subject must experience the laws of reality directly, on one’s own, rather than “secondhand.” Emerson is a dramatist telling the story of how we come to ideas and learn to judge and to act: of how, that is, we come to have experience. Emerson seeks an unshifting ground through a moment of receptivity and a moment of activity. That he often rarely achieves insight does not make him an anti-realist. This essay demonstrates how, by showing - albeit briefly - that Emersonian experience is fundamentally religious: a work of devotion rather than aversion.

Subject omission/production in child bilingual English and child bilingual Spanish: the view from linguistic theory

Probus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juana M. Liceras ◽  
Raquel Fernández Fuertes
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Child Language Acquisition ◽  
Null Subject Parameter ◽  
The One

Abstract In bilingual child language acquisition research, a recurrent learnability issue has been to investigate whether and how cross-linguistic influence would interact with the non-adult patterns of omission/production of functional categories. In this paper, we analyze the omission/production of subject pronouns in the earliest stage English grammar and the earliest stage Spanish grammar of two English–Spanish simultaneous bilingual children (FerFuLice corpus in CHILDES). We base this analysis on Holmberg’s (2005, Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36. 533–564) and Sheehan’s (2006, The EPP and null subjects in Romance. Newcastle: Newcastle University PhD dissertation) formulation of the null subject parameter and on Liceras et al.’s (2012, Overt subjects and copula omission in the Spanish and the English grammar of English-Spanish bilinguals: On the locus and directionality of interlinguistic influence. First Language 32(1–2). 88–115) assumptions concerning the role of lexical specialization in cross-linguistic influence. We have conducted a comparative analysis of the patterns of production/omission of English and Spanish overt and null subjects in two bilingual children, on the one hand, versus the patterns of production/omission of one monolingual English child and one monolingual Spanish child, on the other. The results show that while there is no conclusive evidence as to whether or not English influences the higher production of overt subjects in child bilingual Spanish, the presence of null subjects in Spanish has a positive influence in the eradication of non-adult null subjects in bilingual English. We argue that in a bilingual situation, as compared to a monolingual one, lexical specialization in one of the languages of the bilinguals (the availability of an overt and a null realization of the subject in Spanish) facilitates the acquisition of the other language.

Interactions entre le cycloheximide et la 6-benzylaminopurine au cours du verdissement de cotylédons de concombre

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roussaux ◽  
M. Hoffelt ◽  
N. Farineau
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plastid Differentiation ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Plastid Ultrastructure ◽  
Ultrastructural Effect

Etiolated cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were isolated and incubated for 15 h in the dark and 48 h in the light in the presence of 10−6 g/mL 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) or 3.10−6 and 10−5 g/mL cycloheximide (CHX). Cotyledons were permanently maintained on these compounds or transferred from one medium to the other after the dark period or after 6 h of the light. 6-BAP stimulates both chlorophyll synthesis and plastid differentiation. Chlorophyll synthesis is more affected than differentiation in the presence of CHX. Only some thylakoids are present in plastids treated permanently with CHX at 10−5 g/mL. At 3.10−6 g/mL, CHX inhibits the development of the stroma thylakoids and the granal stacks. The effect of CHX is particularly important during the 1st h of light; it is partially reversible. During the treatment with 6-BAP followed by CHX (or conversely), the ultrastructural effect of 10−5 g/mL CHX is removed if 6-BAP is given before the inhibitor. After 48 h the plastid ultrastructure depends particularly on the compound applied during the 1st h of light. 6-BAP and CHX are not competitive during chlorophyllogenesis. 6-BAP increases and CHX decreases the incorporation of 32P into cytoplasmic and etioplastic rRNA during the dark. During the light, 6-BAP increases the incorporation in chloroplastic rRNA only and CHX decreases the incorporation in cytoplasmic rRNA only. The modes of action of CHX and its relations with 6-BAP are discussed.

scholarly journals Magnetoconvection Patterns in Rotating Convection Zones

1991 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Paul H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Convection Zone ◽  
Solar Surface ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Convection Zone ◽  
Solar Convection ◽  
Entire Thickness ◽  
Convective Motions

AbstractIn addition to the well-known granulation and supergranulation of the solar convection zone (the “SCZ”), the presence of so-called “giant cells” has been postulated. These are supposed span the entire thickness of the SCZ and to stretch from pole to pole in a sequence of elongated cells like a “cartridge belt” or a bunch of “bananas” strung uniformly round the Sun. Conclusive evidence for the existence of such giant cells is still lacking, despite strenuous observational efforts to find them. After analyses of sunspot motion, Ribes and others believe that convective motions near the solar surface occurs in a pattern that is the antithesis of the cartridge belt: a system of “toroidal” or “doughnut” cells, girdling the Sun in a sequence that extends from one pole to the other. Galloway, Jones and Roberts have recently tried to meet the resulting theoretical challenge, with the mixed success reported in this paper.

The Toxic Effects of Fatty Acids and Their Salts on the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelgespiceae (Ratz.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Puritch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

Fatty acids and their potassium soaps were screened for their toxicity to different life stages and eggs of the balsam woolly aphid (Adelgespiceae (Ratz.)). The most effective fatty acids for causing aphid mortality were in two major groups, one centering around capric acid (C10) within the low-chain saturated fatty acid series and the other around oleic acid (C18:1), within the unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids. The potassium soaps were better aphicides than the corresponding acids; the soaps of caprylic, capric, oleic, and linoleic acids were the most effective. Eggs were less sensitive to the soaps than later stages of the aphid, and there was a large variation in their response to the soap treatments. The possibility of using fatty acids and soaps as a control for the balsam woolly aphid is discussed.

scholarly journals The constitution of sulphur vapour

1919 ◽  
Vol 95 (672) ◽  
pp. 484-492 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Boiling Point ◽  
Diatomic Molecules ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Vapour Density ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Sulphur Vapour

The constitution of sulphur vapour has been studied by many investigators, the method usually employed being based upon the determination of the density. In 1835 Dumas and Mitscherlich found the vapour density at temperatures near the boiling point to be 6∙56, which corresponds closely with the molecular formula S 6 . Deville and Troost carried out determinations at temperatures ranging from 860°C to 1040°C. and obtained the value 2∙23 which is that required by the formula S 2 . More recently Biltz has shown that below 800°C. the density is greater than is required by the formula S 2 , and at 468°C. becomes 7∙8 which corresponds approximately to the formula S 7 , without any constant value being observed between these temperatures. Bleier and Kohn found that when determinations were made under reduced pressure between 192°C. and 310°C. the density of the vapour gradually rose with increase of pressure and slowly but asymptotically approached the value S 8 . Evidence of the existence of molecules containing eight atoms has also been obtained from an examination of solutions of sulphur. Biltz holds that the value obtained by Dumas and Mitscherlich is only of significance for the conditions of temperature and pressure under which it was determined, and affords no evidence of the presence of hexatomic molecules in the vapour. His view is that only octatomic and diatomic molecules have any existence, the former gradually dissociating into the latter as the temperature is raised until about 900° C., the dissociation of the heavier molecules is complete and the vapour is composed entirely of diatomic molecules. Above this temperature no further change appears to occur. Premier, on the other hand, from a study of the curve representing the change of density with change of pressure considers that it is not unlikely that hexatomic and tetratomic molecules are formed as intermediate pro­ducts of the dissociation of the octatomic molecules. Of this, however, the investigation of the vapour density does not afford any conclusive evidence.

THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL FERTILIZER COPPER ON AMMONIFICATION, NITRIFICATION AND PROTEOLYTIC POPULATION IN SOME ORGANIC SOILS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. MATHUR ◽  
C. M. PRESTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Enzymes ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Soil Microbial Population ◽  
Extracellular Proteolysis

As a part of attempts at examining the suitability of using moderate amounts of Cu for mitigating the undesirably fast decomposition and subsidence of some organic soils, this investigation revealed that both total and DTPA-TEA-extractable Cu contents of 14 samples of cultivated organic soils correlated negatively with the total microbial population counted on soil extract-acitidione-gelatin agar plates and positively with the percentage of that population capable of extracellular proteolysis. On the other hand, the concentrations of both total and extractable Cu did not correlate with either the total number of proteolytic organisms counted, or the capacities of the soils for ammonification and nitrification. The results are, therefore, in accord with the belief that Cu curtails the decomposition of organic soils primarily through inactivation of accumulated soil enzymes, but not through direct toxic effects on the general soil microbial population.

scholarly journals Passive and catalytic antibodies and drug delivery

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 983-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Michael Blackburn ◽  
J. H. Rickard ◽  
S. Cesaro-Tadic ◽  
D. Lagos ◽  
A. Mekhalfia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Catalytic Antibodies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Enzyme Prodrug Therapy ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Antibody Conjugate ◽  
Selective Delivery ◽  
The One

Antibodies are one of the most promising components of the biotechnology repertoire for the purpose of drug delivery. On the one hand, they are proven agents for cell-selective delivery of highly toxic agents in a small but expanding number of cases. This technology calls for the covalent attachment of the cytotoxin to a tumor-specific antibody by a linkage that is reversible under appropriate conditions (antibody conjugate therapy, ACT —“passive delivery”). On the other hand, the linker cleavage can be accomplished by a protein catalyst attached to the tumor-specific antibody (“catalytic delivery”). Where the catalyst is an enzyme, this approach is known as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Where the transformation is brought about by a catalytic antibody, it has been termed antibody-directed abzyme prodrug therapy (ADAPT). These approaches will be illustrated with emphasis on how their demand for new biotechnology is being realized by structure-based protein engineering.

scholarly journals Complementary Approaches to Understand Anthelmintic Resistance Using Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke Wit ◽  
Clayton Dilks ◽  
Erik Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Sustained Efficacy ◽  
Modes Of Action

Anthelmintic drugs are the major line of defense against parasitic nematode infections, but the arsenal is limited and resistance threatens sustained efficacy of the available drugs. Discoveries of the modes of action of these drugs and mechanisms of resistance have predominantly come from studies of a related non-parasitic nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, and the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Here, we discuss how our understanding of anthelmintic resistance and modes of action came from the interplay of results from each of these species. We argue that this “cycle of discovery”, where results from one species inform the design of experiments in the other, can use the complementary strengths of both to understand anthelmintic modes of action and mechanisms of resistance.

scholarly journals Relationship between daily rumination time, physical activity, estrus and metabolic changes in dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Razvan Nicolae Malancus ◽  
Cristina Maria Malancus
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
P Value ◽  
Statistical Assessment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The One

The present study attempted to ascertain whether there is any connection between reduced daily rumination time and increased physical activity of the animals, on the one hand, and the presence of estrus or metabolic disorders in dairy cows, on the other hand. It has been observed that of the total of 168 cows, 55 (32.73%) showed decreased daily rumination time, 57 cows (33.92%) had specific manifestations for estrous period, while 25 cows (14.88%) showed both decreased daily rumination time and the presence of estrus. Statistical assessment of the data demonstrated a highly significant correlation between these two factors, with a p-value <0.05 (p = 0.0369). Regarding the correlation between increased physical activity, found in 40 cows (23.80%) and the presence of estrus, observed in 57 cows (33.92%) this one is extremely statistically significant with a p-value <0.001 (p = 0.0005), the combination of increased physical activity and estrus being detected in a total of 23 cows (13.69%). Thus, of 168 dairy cows taken into the study, 37 (22.02%) showed an association between decreased daily rumination time and increased physical activity, resulting in a extremely statistically significant correlation between the combination of the two events and the presence of estrus in cows, with a p-value <0.001 (p = 0.0003). Metabolic disorders were found in a total of 12 dairy cows (7.14 %), the association between decreased daily rumination time and increased physical activity being not statistically correlated with the development of metabolic disorders, p = 0.4676 . It remains to be observed if a correlation between the association of decreased daily rumination time and increased physical activity with the presence of metabolic disorders exists.

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