scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

1. The water content, and the concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride in the blood and body water were determined in Gammarus pulex acclimatized to external salinities ranging from 0.06 mM/l NaCl up to 50 % sea water. 2. The mean body water content remained constant at 79.0-80.3 % body wet weight. The total body sodium and chloride concentrations were lowered in 0.06 mM/l NaCl and increased markedly at salinities above 10% sea water. The normal ratio of body sodium/chloride was 1.45-1.70, decreasing to 1.0 at 50% sea water. 3. The total body potassium concentration remained constant at 47.5-55.2 mM/kg body H2O. The rate of potassium loss across the body surface was relatively fast. Potassium balance was maintained at an external potassium concentration of 0.005 mM/l by starved animals, and at 0.005 mM/l by fed animals. 4. The proportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the concentrations of potassium and chloride in the blood and in the body water. The blood space contained 38-42% body H2O in animals from fresh water. The blood space decreased to 31 % body H2O in animals from 0.06 mM/l NaCl. The sodium space was equivalent to about 70 % body H2O. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were estimated and the results were compared with previous analyses made on the tissues of G. pulex and other crustaceans. It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. 30-40% of the body sodium is apparently located in the intracellular space.

scholarly journals Edelman Revisited: Concepts, Achievements, and Challenges

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rohrscheib ◽  
Ramin Sam ◽  
Dominic S. Raj ◽  
Christos P. Argyropoulos ◽  
Mark L. Unruh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

The key message from the 1958 Edelman study states that combinations of external gains or losses of sodium, potassium and water leading to an increase of the fraction (total body sodium plus total body potassium) over total body water will raise the serum sodium concentration ([Na]S), while external gains or losses leading to a decrease in this fraction will lower [Na]S. A variety of studies have supported this concept and current quantitative methods for correcting dysnatremias, including formulas calculating the volume of saline needed for a change in [Na]S are based on it. Not accounting for external losses of sodium, potassium and water during treatment and faulty values for body water inserted in the formulas predicting the change in [Na]S affect the accuracy of these formulas. Newly described factors potentially affecting the change in [Na]S during treatment of dysnatremias include the following: (a) exchanges during development or correction of dysnatremias between osmotically inactive sodium stored in tissues and osmotically active sodium in solution in body fluids; (b) chemical binding of part of body water to macromolecules which would decrease the amount of body water available for osmotic exchanges; and (c) genetic influences on the determination of sodium concentration in body fluids. The effects of these newer developments on the methods of treatment of dysnatremias are not well-established and will need extensive studying. Currently, monitoring of serum sodium concentration remains a critical step during treatment of dysnatremias.

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-344
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
External Potassium ◽  
Total Body

1. Gammarus duebeni from brackish water was acclimatized to salinities ranging from 100% sea water down to 0.25 mM/1 NaCl at 9 °C. 2. The body water content increased from 76 to 81% body wet weight. The ratio of total body sodium/chloride increased from 1.04 to 1.52. The sodium space remained constant, equivalent to about 65 % body H2O. The chloride space decreased from about 60% body H2O down to 35% body H2O. 3. Total body potassium remained almost constant and showed only a small decrease in dilute NaCl-media. Potassium balance was maintained for several days at an external potassium concentration of 0.010-0.015 mM/1. 4. The proportion of body water in the extracellular blood space was calculated from the assumption that potassium and chloride ions were distributed in a Donnan equilibrium between the blood and intracellular spaces. The blood space was slightly smaller than the chloride space. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were calculated. Sodium fell from 120 to 75 mM/kg cell H2O, potassium fell from 125 to 75 mM/kg cell H2O and chloride fell from 55 to 12 mM/kg cell H2O. These concentrations are similar to the concentrations found in the muscles of decapods and in the tissues of other animals. 6. About 10% of the body chloride and 93-97% of the body potassium is situated in the cells. The proportion of intracellular sodium increased from 17-18% body sodium at 100% sea water to 40-50% body sodium at 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 7. G. duebeni from three freshwater populations were acclimatized to 2 % sea water, 0.5 and 0.25 mM/l NaCl. The body surface is three times more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium and chloride. Potassium balance in starved animals was achieved at 0.010-0.015 mM/l K. Fed animals had a higher body sodium and chloride content than starved animals. 8. The regulation of body water and ions in animals from the freshwater populations was essentially the same as in animals from brackish-water populations. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the process of adaptation to fresh water.

Acute subtraction alkalosis from gastric juice loss in dogs

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared J. Grantham ◽  
Paul R. Schloerb
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Total Body

The clinical syndrome of acute metabolic alkalosis secondary to pyloric obstruction and vomiting was simulated in 50 dogs by draining gastric juice through a cannula gastrostomy. This study was designed to quantify changes in body electrolyte and water utilizing radioisotope-dilution methods. Total body chloride decreased 43% with good correlation between the decrease in plasma chloride concentration and the decrease in total body chloride. Body sodium decreased 21% with no change in plasma sodium concentration. Body potassium decreased 20% but was not significantly related to the decrease in plasma potassium concentration. A highly significant correlation was obtained between plasma potassium and the product of blood hydrogen and intracellular potassium content. Intracellular pH (DMO) did not change significantly. Body water decreased 16% with isotonic loss of 169 mEq Na + K per liter body water. Sodium chloride solution alone corrected the alkalosis and acidified the urine. Potassium administration was necessary to prevent hypokalemia and aggravation of the cellular potassium deficit during rehydration. This study helps clarify the differences in body composition between the acute alkalosis of gastric juice loss and the alkalosis resulting from prolonged potassium depletion, sodium loading, and excess adrenocorticosteroid administration.

scholarly journals Body Sodium, Potassium and Water in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Hyponatremia

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijuan Sun ◽  
David Mills ◽  
Todd S. Ing ◽  
Joseph I. Shapiro ◽  
Antonios H. Tzamaloukas
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Monovalent Cations ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

Objective This report presents a method quantitatively analyzing abnormalities of body water and monovalent cations (sodium plus potassium) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) with true hyponatremia. Methods It is well known that in the face of euglycemia serum sodium concentration is determined by the ratio between the sum of total body sodium plus total body potassium on the one hand and total body water on the other. We developed balance equations that enabled us to calculate excesses or deficits, relative to the state of eunatremia and dry weight, in terms of volumes of water and volumes of isotonic solutions of sodium plus potassium when patients presented with hyponatremia. We applied this method retrospectively to 5 episodes of PD-associated hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration 121–130 mEq/L) and compared the findings of the method with those of the clinical evaluation of these episodes. Results Estimates of the new method and findings of the clinical evaluation were in agreement in 4 of the 5 episodes, representing euvolemic hyponatremia (normal total body sodium plus potassium along with water excess) in 1 patient, hypovolemic hyponatremia (deficit of total body sodium plus potassium along with deficit of total body water) in 2 patients, and hypervolemic hyponatremia (excess of total body sodium along with larger excess of total body water) in 1 patient. In the 5th patient, in whom the new method suggested the presence of water excess and a relatively small deficit of monovalent cations, the clinical evaluation had failed to detect the cation deficit. Conclusions Evaluation of imbalances in body water and monovalent cations in PD-associated hyponatremia by the method presented in this report agrees with the clinical evaluation in most instances and could be used as a guide to the treatment of hyponatremia. Prospective studies are needed to test the potential clinical applications of this method.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION OF THE FEEDING TO THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Herbert I. Goldman ◽  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Hedda Acs ◽  
Eli Seifter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One hundred four healthy premature infants, of birth weight 1,000 to 1,800 gm, were fed one of five feedings: (1) human milk; (2) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride; (3) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride and 18 meq/l of potassium chloride; (4) a half-skimmed cows milk formula; and (5) a partially-skimmed vegetable oil, cows milk formula. The infants fed any of the three human milk formulas gained weight at a slower rate than the infants fed either of the two cows milk formulas. Infants whose diets were changed from unmodified human milk to the half-skimmed cows milk gained large amounts of weight, and at times were visibly edematous. Infants whose diets were changed from the human milks with added sodium chloride, to the half-skimmed cows milk, gained lesser amounts of weight and did not become edematous. The infants fed the two cows milk diets gained similar amounts of weight, although one diet provided 6.5 gm/kg/day, the other 3.1 gm/kg/day of protein.

Chloride Regulation at Low Salinities by Nereis Diversicolor (Annelida, Polychaeta)

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
RALPH I. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Chloride Regulation

1. N. diversicolor from estuarine conditions in north-eastern England can be adapted to a chloride concentration in a pond water (PW) medium at least as low as 0.9 mM/l, and shows a net uptake of chloride when returned to a medium 3-10 mM/l more concentrated. But in comparable transfers after adaptation at a chloride concentration of 10 mM/l, net uptake is not measurable. 2. Net uptake of chloride is demonstrable in the lowest salinities, where coelomic chloride concentration drops below the regulatory plateau. Net uptake reaches 3.5 µM/g wet weight/h. 3. Chloride loss is well correlated with weight loss after adaptation in 10 mM/l, but poorly so after adaptation in PW, suggesting that the urine is very hypotonic to body fluid in PW, and isotonic (or less hypotonic) at environmental chloride concentrations of 10 mM/l or higher. 4. Uptake of chloride occurs against both electrical and chemical-concentration gradients over the lower third of the environmental salinity range, which is the range in which hyperosmotic and hyperionic regulation are most pronounced. 5. The electrical potential across the body wall is maximal in PW (17 mV, inside-negative), and decreases to zero in 50 % SW. 6. Chloride influx (as measured with 36Cl) is highest in SW, and decreases in proportion to chloride concentration down to 50-25% SW, rises to a secondary maximum in 10% SW or less, and decreases as fresh water is approached. 7. Urinary chloride loss is low, and proportional to external chloride concentration in higher salinities, maximal in the c. 10% SW range of salinities, and apparently decreases to a minimum in FW. This may be in part the consequence of recovery of chloride from an hypotonic urine, in part the consequence of a reduction in urine volume. Evidence for these last two possibilities will be given in the papers which follow.

Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Survival and regulation in sea-water media was studied in the freshwater caddises Limnephilus stigma and Anabolia nervosa. 2. The majority of larvae did not survive for more than a few days at external salt concentrations greater than about 6o mM./l. NaCl. 3. In sea-water media the haemolymph osmotic pressure increased to remain slightly hyper-osmotic to the medium. The haemolymph sodium level also increased to remain slightly hypertonic to the medium, but the chloride level was maintained hypotonic until just prior to death of the larvae. 4. When the haemolymph chloride concentration was raised above the normal level, the Malpighian tubule-rectal system elaborated fluid in which the chloride concentration was hypertonic to the haemolymph. The system is highly sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. 5. The regulation of body-fluid composition in the freshwater caddises is compared with that found previously in the euryhaline larvae of Limnephilus affinis. It is suggested that the maintenance of a low haemolymph sodium concentration in L. affinis larvae is an important part of the adaptation for survival in salt water.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

scholarly journals The Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Measuring Body Water Spaces

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jennings ◽  
Leslie Bluck ◽  
Antony Wright ◽  
Marinos Elia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. Method: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800–2800 cm−1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. Results: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400–1000 μmol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1–0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. Conclusion: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.

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