scholarly journals Young Stages of Zeugopterus punctatus

Author(s):  
J. T. Cunningham

On May 4th of the current year a number of small Pleuronectids were captured by the hand in a pool left by the ebb tide at Plymouth Breakwater, and brought to me alive. Two of them were very transparent, and, from their habit of lying on the right side when at rest, evidently sinistral forms. One of them was almost perfectly symmetrical; while in the other the torsion of the facial region and eyes had commenced. The pigmentation had the form of interrupted transverse bands, which were most conspicuous on the dorsal and ventral fins; on the dorsal fin seven bands were indicated. The terminal portion of the original trunk, containing the notochord, was seen at the upper edge of the caudal fin. The neurochord was covered with pigment, forming a very distinct band, situated, however, not in the skin, but in the connective tissue surrounding the neurochord or spinal cord. The mouth was large, and the snout upturned. The pectoral fin was large, the pelvic small. But the most important characteristic was the presence of two straight spines projecting laterally from the auditory region. These have been called otocystic spines by Prof. McIntosh, but I think they would be more appropriately described as periotic spines, as they are evidently projections of the periotic cartilage or bone; to which particular bones of the periotic region they belong has not been determined. Mr. Holt cut sections of the spines in situ, and found that they consisted of a knob of periotic cartilage passing into a mass of undifferentiated cells, the whole forming the core of a dermal spine consisting of hyaline ossified tissue. In my specimens I observed a third spine, much smaller, situated in the region of the frontal bone, behind and above the eye; it was visible in both the stages.

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 348-368
Author(s):  
Вадим [Vadim] Юрьевич [IUr'evich] Меликян [Melikian] ◽  
Анна [Anna] Васильевна [Vasil'evna] Меликян [Melikian]

The phenomenon of syntactic semioimplicationSemioimplicative meaning is a “derived,” secondary meaning. The typical example of a semioimplicative meaning in syntax is the use of the positive constructions in the meaning of the negative ones and vice versa (converted meaning). The semioimplicative sentence interpretation scarcely has logical limitations. Most sentences, given the right intonation, can undergo an enantiosemic conversion. The ironical negation can be hidden in practically each sentence. In this article we single out and parameterize the main conditions of such semioimplication and the kinds of language means triggering the semioimplicative mechanism. Besides, we draw attention to the ways of expressing diverse connotations organically linked with the very process of syntactic constructions semioimplication and consistently caused by it. The core of semioimplicative structures is constituted by constructions that are able to express two meanings: direct and transferred (in this case, opposite) meaning. We have termed them “symmetrical” constructions. The sentence models with one meaning opposite to the form expressing it and also the models opposite in sign but not correlated according to some morphological characteristics serve as the periphery of semioimplication (“nonsymmetrical” constructions). The models that possess any language means facilitating their reconsideration as their own opposites are called the “specialized” models in the research. The “non-specialized” models do not have such qualities. The ability to express two opposite meanings can potentially take place on different levels of the sentence model concretization: abstract (syntactic), morphological, general lexical and concrete lexical (i.e., on the level of speech model realization). Each of the types of opposition, both objective and evaluative ones, has its own means of specialization. In the sphere of enantiosemical and evaluative opposition of the sentence meaning the dominating development line of the semioimplication phenomenon is the pursuit of maximal language expressivity, on the one hand, and of monosemanticity, accuracy, and effectiveness, on the other hand. The tendency toward language means economy turns out to be weak in this case. The reason for this process consists in the desire to assign these sentences to the sphere of the expressive syntax by using them exclusively in the secondary, ironical and most expressive meaning. As a result, the nonsymmetrical (the maximally specialized) constructions are 1.5 times more numerous than the symmetrical constructions (ones with moderate specialization). We find research of this subject-matter in its functional-communicative, cognitive, discoursive and pragmatic-linguistic aspects to be to a topical and worthwhile endeavor. Zjawisko semioimplikacji składniowejZnaczenie semioimplikacyjne to znaczenie „pochodne”, wtórne. Typowym przykładem występowania znaczenia semioimplikacyjnego w składni jest używanie konstrukcji pozytywnych w znaczeniu negatywnym i vice versa (konwersja znaczenia). Semioimplikacyjna analiza zdania praktycznie nie napotyka na logiczne ograniczenia. Większość zdań, jeśli towarzyszy im odpowiednia intonacja, w określonych kontekstach może ulegać enantiosemantycznej konwersji: ironiczne zaprzeczenie może skrywać się w praktycznie każdym zdaniu. W tym artykule identyfikujemy i parametryzujemy podstawowe warunki takiej semioimplikacji oraz rodzaje środków językowych, jakie inicjują mechanizm semioimplikacyjny. Zwracamy także uwagę na sposoby wyrażenia różnorakich konotacji związanych organicznie z samym procesem semioimplikacji struktur składniowych i regularnie przez nią wywoływanych. Rdzeniem struktur semioimplikacyjnych są konstrukcje mogące wyrażać oba znaczenia: dosłowne i przenośne (tu: przeciwstawne). Określiliśmy takie konstrukcje mianem „symetrycznych”. Za peryferia zbioru konstrukcji semioimplikacyjnych (za konstrukcje „niesymetryczne”) można uznać modele zdań mających tylko jedno znaczenie, które jednak jest przeciwstawne w stosunku do wyrażającej go formy, oraz modele o przeciwnym znaku, ale nieskorelowane pod względem niektórych parametrów morfologicznych. Modele zdań dysponujące środkami językowymi ułatwiającymi zmianę ich znaczenia na przeciwstawne nazywamy „wyspecjalizowanymi”. Modele „niewyspecjalizowane” nie dysponują takiego rodzaju środkami. Zdolność wyrażania dwóch przeciwstawnych znaczeń może potencjalnie zachodzić na różnych poziomach konkretyzacji modelu: abstrakcyjnym (składniowym), morfologicznym, leksykalnym ogólnym i leksykalnym konkretnym (tzn. na poziomie językowej realizacji modelu). Każdy z typów przeciwstawności, czy to przedmiotowej czy wartościującej, dysponuje własnymi środkami specjalizacji. W sferze enantiosemicznej i wartościującej przeciwstawności znaczeń zdania dominującym kierunkiem rozwoju zjawiska semioimplikacji jest dążenie, z jednej strony, do maksymalnej wyrazistości języka, z drugiej zaś – do jego jednoznaczności, precyzji, efektywności. Tendencja do zwiększania ekonomii środków językowych okazuje się w badanym przypadku słabsza. Przyczyną tego procesu jest dążenie do trwałego przypisania takich zdań ekspresyjnej sferze składni za sprawą używania ich wyłącznie w drugim, ironicznym, a zarazem bardziej ekspresyjnym znaczeniu. W rezultacie konstrukcji niesymetrycznych (maksymalnie wyspecjalizowanych) jest w przybliżeniu 1,5 raza więcej niż konstrukcji symetrycznych (umiarkowanie wyspecjalizowanych). Uważamy za wskazane dalsze badania nad zarysowaną tu tematyką w jej aspekcie funkcjonalno-komunikacyjnym, kognitywnym, dyskursywnym i pragmalingwistycznym.


Contract Law ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 429-466
Author(s):  
TT Arvind

This chapter examines how English law defines breach of contract and what the immediate effect of breach is on the validity of the contract, along with the obligations of the parties under the contract. It first considers the core principles underlying the law’s approach to defining breach before explaining how the courts assess performance and the consequences of breach, with particular emphasis on cases involving repudiation. It then discusses three types or classes of contractual terms: conditions, warranties, and innominate terms. It also looks at how the law deals with situations of anticipatory breach and concludes with an analysis of the scope and limits of the right of a party to terminate the contract following a repudiatory breach by the other party.


1997 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rajan ◽  
P. Sajgalik ◽  
R. K. Singh ◽  
D. Kumar ◽  
J. Fitz-Gerald

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present an overview of two very different approaches to the synthesis of composite particulates which result in a “core-shell” type structure. It is shown that both these synthesis approaches result in very characteristic interface structures between the outer coating and the host particles. One synthesis strategy is to use laser ablation deposition on individual particles and the other is to “coat” particles ‘in-situ’ by taking advantage of solid state diffusional transformations. Examination of the interface between the outer shell and the core of the particle shows that textured or toptactical growth occurs and it is suggested that this unique crystallographic characteristic may be responsible for the properties offered by these engineered particulates. The applications of such engineered particulates is also discussed.


1994 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Takeda ◽  
S Okabe ◽  
T Funakoshi ◽  
N Hirokawa

Neurofilaments (NFs) are composed of triplet proteins, NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L. To understand the dynamics of NFs in vivo, we studied the dynamics of NF-H and compared them to those of NF-L, using the combination of microinjection technique and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. In the case of NF-L protein, the bleached zone gradually restored its fluorescence intensity with a recovery half time of approximately 35 min. On the other hand, recovery of the bleached zone of NF-H was considerably faster, taking place in approximately 19 min. However, in both cases the bleached zone was stationary. Thus, it was suggested that NF-H is the dynamic component of the NF array and is interchangeable, but that it assembles with the other neurofilament triplet proteins in a more exchangeable way, implying that the location of NF-H is in the periphery of the core NF array mainly composed of NF-L subunits. Immunoelectron microscopy investigations of the incorporation sites of NF-H labeled with biotin compounds also revealed the lateral insertion of NF-H subunits into the preexisting NF array, taking after the pattern seen in the case of NF-L. In summary, our results demonstrate that the dynamics of the L and H subunit proteins in situ are quite different from each other, suggesting different and separated mechanisms or structural specialization underlying the behavior of the two proteins.


Author(s):  
Yinan Bao

Inviolability of mission premises is not only one of the core provisions of the VCDR, but represents a long established rule of diplomatic law. At the same time, the absolute inviolability stipulated in Article 22(1) can lead to conflicts with the need to protect public safety and human life, resulting in a dilemma for the receiving States which then have to determine whether one interest must overrule the other. This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the difficulty, reviews scholarly debate in this field and examines relevant incidents and their evaluation. It pays particular attention to the controversy concerning the application of the right of self-defence. But the author also explores solutions to the dilemma and suggests the employment of administrative measures to resolve the practical problems encountered in situations of this kind.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e228393
Author(s):  
Mabel Okiemute Etetafia

Penetrating injuries can lead to multiple retained foreign bodies. To present a case of a penetrating stab injury on to the right orbital region of a 37-year-old woman which resulted in lacerations on both eyelids, loss of vision in addition to the retention of glass particle and woven artificial hair strands at the anterior end of the floor of the orbit. The woven artificial hair strand, being flexible in nature, was apparently logged in by the penetrating force of the broken glass used as the stab injury object. Under local anaesthesia, a gentle intermittent pull on one hair strand led to the dislodgement of a piece of broken glass particle along with the other end of the hair strand. The resultant wound was repaired. Stab injuries can result in retained multiple foreign bodies. This possibility should be considered during assessment and management of facial injuries to avoid complications of retention.


2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 147-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Munaro ◽  
Cecilia Poletto ◽  
Jean-Yves Pollock

This article offers a comparative syntax approach to wh-questions in French and Bellunese, a Northern Italian dialect spoken in the town of Belluno. A striking difference between the two languages, otherwise very closely related, lies in the fact that bare wh-words in root questions, which display obligatory subject clitic inversion (SCLI), must appear at the right edge of the sentence in Bellunese. In French on the other hand apparent in situ structures ban SCLI and do not accept que in sharp contrast with Bellunese. To make sense of these data we suggest that despite appearances wh-words in Bellunese do move to the left periphery, just as they must in French SCLI structures. This in turn requires that the remaining IP also move to the left periphery which should then be “highly split”. The minimal parameter distinguishing French and Bellunese, we claim, lies in the existence of a class of non assertive clitics in Bellunese, which have turned into interrogative markers. Their absence in French triggers obligatory wh-movement to a high operator position at the left edge of the CP domain. In this light it is suggested that French wh in situ questions also involves invisible remnant IP movement and wh movement to a truncated left periphery.


1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 1025-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Tao ◽  
R J Walter ◽  
M W Berns

To study the possible mechanism of microtubule turnover in interphase cells, we have used the 266-nm wavelength of a short-pulsed Nd/YAG laser to transect microtubules in situ in PtK2 cells at predefined regions. The regrowth and shrinkage of the transected microtubules have been examined by staining the treated cells with antitubulin mAb at various time points after laser irradiation. The results demonstrate that microtubules grow back into the transected zones individually; neither simultaneous growth nor shrinkage of all microtubules has been observed. The half-time of replacement of laser-dissociated microtubules is observed to be approximately 10 min. On the other hand, exposure of the core of the microtubule, which is expected to consist almost completely of GDP-tubulin, by transecting the internal regions of the microtubule does not render the remaining polymer catastrophically disassembled, and most transected microtubules with free minus ends do not quickly disappear. Taken together, these results suggest that most microtubules in cultured interphase cells exhibit some properties of dynamic instability (individual regrowth or shrinkage); however, other factors in addition to the hydrolysis of GTP-tubulin need to be involved in modulating the dynamics and the stability of these cytoplasmic microtubules.


Author(s):  
TT Arvind

This chapter examines how English law defines breach of contract and what the immediate effect of breach is on the validity of the contract, along with the obligations of the parties under the contract. It first considers the core principles underlying the law's approach to defining breach before explaining how the courts assess performance and the consequences of breach, with particular emphasis on cases involving repudiation. It then discusses three types or classes of contractual terms: conditions, warranties, and innominate terms. It also looks at how the law deals with situations of anticipatory breach and concludes with an analysis of the scope and limits of the right of a party to terminate the contract following a repudiatory breach by the other party.


Author(s):  
Winfried Tilmann

A patent right is a right to exclude others from committing certain acts by which a protectable invention is used. For that reason, Art 3 EPUE Reg and Arts 25 and 26 UPCA highlight the right of prohibition of the patent proprietor to exclude such parties from use as the core power, central to all other powers that he holds. The other powers (claims, rights of action) of the patent proprietor (disclosure of information, correction, damages, evidentiary aids, provisional orders) are derived from an infringement of the right of prohibition (to exclude from use), and are thus subsidiary to the parent power of the right of exclusivity (right of prohibition).


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