The Line of Thought in Gal. 2. 14b–21

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Absurd Conclusion

Twenty-five years have now passed since R. Bultmann published his brief but stimulating study ‘Zur Auslegung von Galater 2, 15–18’ in the Ernst WolfFestschrift.According to Bultmannv.17abis neither a rhetorical question nor an objection deriving from Paul's opponents; rather, it is an absurdity formulated by Paul himself and designed to function ‘in seiner gegen den Standpunkt des Petrus gerichteten Argumentation’. This absurdity would then be rejected by means of the μή γένοıτο ofv. 17c. In Bultmann's opinionv.17abis a conditional period contrary to fact; the illative particle άρα is to be preferred to the interrogative άρα. The expression χρıστς άμαρτιαςδıάκονος may be paraphrased as follows: Christ is a minister ‘derer, die (immer noch, wie bisher) in ihren Sünden stecken; er hat sie nicht von der Sünde befreit’. It is to such an absurd conclusion, affirms Paul, that the opponents' goal of re-establishing the abrogated Law must lead. These and further aspects of Bultmann's article have been dealt with – critically in some instances – by several authors and so there is no need for us to discuss them again here.

The ironic syllogism: A rhetorical use of unmarked questions

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Benjamin M Austin
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Rhetorical Strategy ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Absurd Conclusion ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Rhetorical questions are an important feature of Israelite rhetoric as exemplified in the Hebrew Bible. This paper builds on scholarship regarding rhetorical questions and irony to reevaluate one form of unmarked question. Previous scholarship called it an alarmed or surprised rhetorical question, characterized by the speaker’s heightened emotional state and linked by a vav to a previous thought to which it lies in opposition. This paper argues that the construction is better understood as a rhetorical strategy, whereby the speaker takes the opinion or suggested course of action of the interlocutor and restates it as the conclusion to a syllogism, after providing premises that make the conclusion absurd. This construction is called an ironic syllogism, as the absurd conclusion is a pseudo-quote said ironically. The pseudo-quote could still be considered an unmarked conducive question since it expects a negative reply from the addressee.

The Concentric Structure of the Wisdom Poem in Job 28

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-45
Author(s):  
Ruth Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Ring Structure ◽  
Central Unit ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Creative Power ◽  
Concentric Pattern ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Concentric Structure

The enigmatic wisdom poem of Job 28:1–28 stands apart from the rest of the book of Job in style and structure. Most read this poem in linear progression as three strophes (vv. 1–11; 15–19; 23–28) with an intervening refrain (vv. 12–14; 20–22). In this study, it is suggested that the poem has been presented in the form of a concentric or compositional ring structure, which juxtaposes arguments rather than presenting them in a linear fashion. According to this structure there are five compositional units, the centre of which holds the main point of the text (A, B, C, B1, A1). A central section (C vv. 15–19), maintains the traditional view of the supreme value of wisdom. The central unit is surrounded by two inner parallel sections each beginning with a rhetorical question concerning the location of wisdom (Sections B vv. 12–14 and B1 vv. 20–22), and two outer sections (A vv. 1–11 and A1 vv. 23–28) in which two contrasting ways of acquiring wisdom are presented: by independent human effort presented in the form of a mining metaphor (A vv. 1–11); or by contemplation of God’s omnipotent creative power and reverence for Him resulting in right behaviour (A1). Each of the major units also follows a concentric pattern.

PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES USED IN BURGER KING’S INSTAGRAM POSTS CAPTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
Yeremia Yori Rudito ◽  
Anita
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Fast Food Restaurant ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Persuasive Strategies ◽  
Inclusive Language ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

Burger King is the one of the most successful fast food restaurant in the world. According to Wikipedia, there are 17,796 locations of Burger King all over the world in 2018. Burger King also has its Instagram account. Now this account has been followed by 1,6 million people and has posted 938 posts. That statistic shows that Burger King is active in social media especially in Instagram platform. The writer see the indication of the using of Persuasive Strategies because in promoting their product. In this research the writer wants to know the persuasive strategies that applied in Burger King’s Instagram post caption and the most used strategy. This research applied Qualitative Method as research method. This research has two findings, first, there are 13 strategies that appear in Burger King’s Instagram post caption they are, Anecdote, Assonance, Cliché, Connotation, Evidence, Everyday/Colloquial Language, Hyperbole, Imagery, Inclusive Language, Pun, Repetition, Rhetorical Question, and Simile. Second, the most used strategy is Everyday/Colloquial Language.

scholarly journals Lawful Humean explanations are not circular

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum Duguid
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Scientific Explanations ◽  
Absurd Conclusion

AbstractA long-standing charge of circularity against regularity accounts of laws has recently seen a surge of renewed interest. The difficulty is that we appeal to laws to explain their worldly instances, but if these laws are descriptions of regularities in the instances then they are explained by those very instances. By the transitivity of explanation, we reach an absurd conclusion: instances of the laws explain themselves. While drawing a distinction between metaphysical and scientific explanations merely modifies the challenge rather than resolving it, I argue that it does point us towards an attractive solution. According to Humeanism, the most prominent form of the regularity view, laws capture information about important patterns in the phenomena. By invoking laws in scientific explanations, Humeans are showing how a given explanandum is subsumed into a more general pattern. Doing so both undermines a principle of transitivity that plays a crucial role in the circularity argument and draws out a central feature of the Humean approach to scientific explanation.

EXISTENTIAL NIHILISM IN WILFRED OWEN’S ANTI-WAR POEM “FUTILITY”

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Goran J. Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First World ◽  
Great Knowledge ◽  
Firsthand Experience

This paper analyzes “Futility”, one of the best poems by Wilfred Owen, a renowned British poet-soldier of the First World War. It shows that, in philosophical terms, the poem is based on existential nihilism as a view that human existence is intrinsically non-teleological. As the paper argues, Owen does not develop such a pessimistic world-view because of his great knowledge of Darwin’s or Nietzsche’s work as being emblematic of late nineteenth and early twentieth century pessimism, but because of his firsthand experience with the horrors of history’s first mechanized war. Owen’s nihilistic philosophy is viewed in contrast with the ideology of progress and utopianism as being prevalent over pessimism up until the outbreak of WWI and as being equally propounded by the secular philosopher Herbert Spencer and the Protestant liberal theologians. In brief, “Futility”, as a poem which presents the demise of a nameless British soldier, ends in the poet’s rhetorical question which explicitly doubts the purposefulness of human history. The paper also deals with “Futility’s” stylistic traits, and in doing so comes to the conclusion that the poem’s mood is for its most part temperate and elegiac with, in emotional terms, a somewhat more intense ending, just as it reveals that its irregular rhyming and metre reflect the poet’s reaction to the spiritual emptiness and chaos of war.

scholarly journals “Pedagogical” Agression in Russian Everyday Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-993
Author(s):  
Natalia Georgievna Bragina ◽  
Igor Alekseevich Sharonov
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Communicative Behavior ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
National Corpus

The article is devoted to speakers’ responses to inappropriate communicative behavior in Russian everyday communication. The analytic part of the article presents a short review of both classical and modern works on (im)politeness theories, which show that communicative strategies in response to the wrong communicative behavior in a particular context have not been investigated and described sufficiently in modern Politeness theories, investigating face-aggravating communication. The aim of this work is to describe a strategy that we define as “pedagogical aggression”, which manifests itself in a variation of impolite answers whose purpose is to “punish” the interlocutor for a communicative error. This strategy is in contrast to what we call “empathy” strategy since - instead of trying to neutralize the interlocutor’s error - “pedagogical aggression” emphasizes it by “teaching” the addressee to be more considerate in adhering to norms. The material for the research was collected in the Russian National Corpus and analysed by drawing on discourse analysis, pragmatics and (im)politeness theories. The study showed that “pedagogical aggression” is realized in three face-aggravating communicative tactics: (1) a pseudo-question (rhetorical question or a question to the assumptions of an interlocutor), 2) mocking citations from interlocutor’s speech, 3) rhymed pseudo-answers. The last tactic was given special attention in the study. We grouped the pseudo-answers in four types corresponding to typical discourse situation. This tactic is based on an unspoken rule, according to which it is permissible to point out in a playful way a communicative error made by the interlocutor. In response to an inappropriate question with this or that interrogative pronoun (where, who, why, etc.), the speaker can allow himself or herself to “punish” the interlocutor with a pseudo-answer, so that he or she will be more careful, more attentive and will not repeat such mistakes. The considered tactic of rhymed pseudo-response is rooted in language with the help of formulaic phrases. The research contributes to (im)politeness theory and the study of communicative interaction.

scholarly journals The Role of Syntactic Expressive Means in the English Language Economic Mass Media

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Olga Dzhagatspanyan ◽  
Svetlana Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Economic Report ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Media Reports

This article studies expressive syntax as a type of stylistic devices and illustrates its use in publicistic style economic oral and written media reports. The relevance of the research is that syntactic expressive means have not been thoroughly studied and analyzed in economic mass media. The work aims to identify the techniques that apply syntactic expressive means to evoke emotiveness in economic media reports. This article also addresses the recurrence of usage of expressive syntax in written and oral speech involving economic discourse. Using the method of text analysis on the bases of theoretical linguistic statements evaluating functional style, media stylistics, and stylistic devices in the English language, we determined the diverse usage of expressive syntax in both videocasting and written articles. From analyzed syntactic expressive means, we identified the frequency and common usage of such syntactic expressive means as rhetorical question and simple repetition in oral and written reports. The sample analysis indicated that a paragraph in any economic report might restrain more than one occurrence of expressive syntax; these carry a manipulative function through psychological phenomena represented via syntactic expressive means.

Wishful Thinking in Moral Theorizing: Comment on Enoch

Utilitas ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROB VAN SOMEREN GREVE
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Absurd Conclusion ◽  
Moral Theorizing ◽  
David Enoch

David Enoch recently defended the idea that there are valid inferences of the form ‘it would be good if p, therefore, p’. I argue that Enoch's proposal allows us to infer the absurd conclusion that ours is the best of all possible worlds.

The Divinized Human in the Self-Glorification Hymn from Qumran

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Peter Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Dead Sea ◽  
The Self ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Many

This chapter focuses on the Self-Glorification Hymn from Qumran, which is among the many writings of the community that had withdrawn from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea and dedicated itself to apocalyptic fantasies of the end of days. The Hymn was written in the late Hasmonaean or early Herodian period, which is, the second half of the first century BCE. In it, an unidentified hero boasts that he was elevated among and even above the angels in heaven. The chapter describes the two parallel fragments of the hymn that take the superior, angel-like status of its author yet further. It analyzes the line, “Who is like me among the divine beings?” which is a rhetorical question that evidently means, “Who else is like me among the angels? Is there anyone else who is as elevated as I am among the angels or above them?”

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