Public and Private Space and Action in the Early Roman Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-553
Author(s):  
Susan E. Hylen

Scholars have often explained discrepancies in evidence for women's participation in the early church by reference to the gendering of public and private spaces. Public spaces were coded male, and when churches moved into these spaces, women's leadership was disavowed. This article rejects the usefulness of the public/private dichotomy as an explanatory tool, arguing that the modern sense in which these terms are used was anachronistic to the New Testament period. The overlap between public functions and space that the modern concept of the ‘public sphere’ takes for granted did not exist in the ancient world. Public functions often occurred in household spaces, and functions considered private also took place outside homes. For these reasons, scholars should look for new language that better describes the ancient patterns.

Author(s):  
Ellen Anne McLarney

This chapter focuses on the work of Heba Raouf Ezzat. Ranked the thirty-ninth most influential Arab on Twitter, with over 100,000 followers, voted one of the hundred most powerful Arab women by ArabianBusiness.com, and elected a Youth Global Leader by the World Economic Forum, Raouf Ezzat has articulated and disseminated her Islamic politics in a global public sphere. Her writings and lectures develop an Islamic theory of women's political participation but simultaneously address other contested questions about women's leadership, women's work, and women's participation in the public sphere. Heba Raouf Ezzat is one of the most visible public figures in the Arab and Islamic world today, a visibility that began with her book on the question of women's political work in Islam, Woman and Political Work.


2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (115) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
José N. Heck

A moderna concepção de indivíduo justifica-se na esfera pública. O termo publicidade remonta ao modo privado de pensar, no século XVIII, por parte de pessoas que tinham o costume, à maneira iluminista, de ler livros, eram rotineiramente informadas por jornais, criavam associações de leitura e freqüentavam espaços comuns de lazer em cafés, salões e parques, onde à época eram discutidas novas idéias advindas de longe, oriundas dos grandes centros urbanos com universidades centenárias. Esta congruência entre uso privado e público da razão, Kant a contrapõe a um uso específico de razão, privativo a pessoas que exercem funções e cumprem ordens em obediência a comandos superiores, como é o caso dos funcionários públicos; ou seja, na contramão do emprego hoje usual da palavra, o filósofo alemão predica à denominação uso privado aquele que o sábio pode fazer de sua razão em um certo cargo público ou função a ele confiada. Kant estabelece, ao longo de sua obra, o princípio da publicidade como a âncora legitimadora de sua filosofia moral, política e jurídica.Abstract: The modern concept of the individual is justified in the public sphere. The term publicity first appeared in the 18th century to describe the private manner of thinking of those who, following the general enlightenment custom, were used to reading books. These people were kept regularly informed by journals; created reading associations and frequented shared leisure areas in cafés, salons and parks where new ideas coming from afar, originated in the great urban centers with century-old universities, were discussed. Kant opposes this congruency between the public and private uses of reason to a specific use of reason, particular to those who fulfill functions and obey superior orders, as is the case of civil servants. Contrary to the normal usage of the word today, the German philosopher recognizes in the term private use that which the scholar can do with reason in a certain public office or function confided to him. Throughout his work, Kant establishes the principle of publicity as a legitimate anchor for his moral, political and juridical philosophy.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Yuliatin Yuliatin

Kajian ini hendak melihat fenomena ajaran Salafi tentang kesetaraan gender. Sebagaimana diketahui, secara umum pemahaman ajaran Salafi cenderung memandang peran perempuan secara terbatas, baik di ruang domestik dan ruang publik. Fenomena tersebut mengakar kuat hingga dipraktekkan dalam basis pendidikan pesantren Salafiyyah. Namun demikian, terjadi pergeseran paham di kalangan elit pesantren Salafiyyah di Jambi, di mana, mereka mulai memberikan ruang kepada perempuan untuk berinteraksi di ruang publik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dengan pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Fokus penelitian dilaksanakan di dua Pesantren Salafi, al Baqiyatush Shalihat di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat dan Sa’adatuddarain di Seberang Kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, secara umum kaum Salafi di kedua Pesantren memahami adanya kesetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Mereka mengartikulasikan ayat-ayat al- Qur’an lebih luwes. Namun, dalam persoalan kepemimpinan perempuan, mereka masih “membatasi” dengan berasumsi bahwa Qs. An-Nisa: 34 sudah final. Kedua, terjadi perubahan dalam memahami isu gender terutama di Pesantren al Baqiyatush-Shalihat, di mana, mereka lebih moderat dengan memberikan akses kepada perempuan untuk beraktivitas di ruang publik, seperti untuk sekolah, kuliah hingga bekerja. Hal yang berbeda ditemukan di Pesantren Sa’adatuddarain. Kalangan elit pesentren belum memberikan kebebasan kepada perempuan untuk melakukan aktivitas di luar pesantren. Ketiga, pemahaman elit pesantren Salafi tidak berpengaruh di lingkungan sekitar pesantren, terbukti para perempuan di sekitar pesantren tetap aktif berkegiatan di ruang publik sebagaimana pemahaman moderasi Islam selama ini.[This study wants to look at the phenomenon of Salafi teachings on gender equality. In general, the Salafis see the role of women is limited, both in the domestic and public sphere. This phenomenon is so deeply rooted that it is practiced on the basis of the Salafiyyah Islamic boarding school. However, there was a shift in understanding among the Salafiyyah pesantren elite in Jambi, in which they began to provide space for women to interact in the public sphere. This study uses a qualitative approach and collects the data through observation, interviews and documentation. The focus of the study was conducted at two Salafi Pesantren, al Baqiyatush Shalihat in Tanjung Jabung Barat District and Sa’adatuddarain in Seberang, Jambi City. The results show that : First, in general, the Salafis in both Pesantren understand the existence of equality between men and women. They articulate verses of the Qur’an more flexible. However, in the case of women’s leadership, they still “limit” women, by assuming that the interpretation of Qs. An-Nisa: 34 is final. Secondly, there has been a change in understanding gender issues especially in al Baqiyatush-Shalihat Islamic Boarding School, where they are more moderate by giving access to women to do activities in public spaces, such as for schools, going to university and working. Different thing is found in the Sa’adatuddarain Islamic Boarding School. The elite Pesantren have not given freedom to women to carry out activities outside the Pesantren. Third, the understanding of the Salafi Pesantren elite does not affect the environment around the Pesantren. Itt is a fact that the women around the Pesantren remain active in public spaces as it is found in moderate Islam.]


Author(s):  
Susan E. Hylen

Chapter 2 addresses major choices historians face interpreting evidence for women’s lives in the New Testament period. The evidence often sends mixed signals. Some portrays women as active contributors to the economy, civic life, and politics. Other evidence suggests social expectations greatly restricted women’s participation in such activities. The chapter reviews a number of interpretations that divided this evidence into discrete groups of women guided by different rules. For example, many have suggested that women’s leadership was restricted in public spaces. This chapter rejects such interpretations and argues that the various evidence reflects a deep tension that pervaded the culture at large. The tension existed within individual authors and across spaces and subcultures. Women were expected to exhibit the virtues of modesty, industry, and loyalty. However, women from a variety of circumstances negotiated and embodied these virtues in a variety of culturally acceptable ways, including religious and civic leadership.


Author(s):  
Alia Kiran

This article examines how immigrant culture in modern-day France is communicated through Turkish associations as a medium of the public space. Through interviews with members of various types of cultural associations, I explore how public and private space dictate how culture and identity are understood within the French context. To better explain their goals and how they fit into larger French "cultural" discussion, I develop a simple typology of these cultural associations as "localizing" or "orientalizing" immigrant culture. Pointing to the space between these categories, I show the need for the immigrant experience to be recognized as part of French history in these public spaces in order to directly confront the issue of "neo-racism."


Author(s):  
Natalia Kostenko

The subject matter of research interest here is the movement of sociological reflection concerning the interplay of public and private realms in social, political and individual life. The focus is on the boundary constructs embodying publicity, which are, first of all, classical models of the space of appearance for free citizens of the polis (H. Arendt) and the public sphere organised by communicative rationality (Ju. Habermas). Alternative patterns are present in modern ideas pertaining to the significance of biological component in public space in the context of biopolitics (M. Foucault), “inclusive exclusion of bare life” (G. Agamben), as well as performativity of corporeal and linguistic experience related to the right to participate in civil acts such as popular assembly (J. Butler), where the established distinctions between the public and the private are levelled, and the interrelationship of these two realms becomes reconfigured. Once the new media have come into play, both the structure and nature of the public sphere becomes modified. What assumes a decisive role is people’s physical interaction with online communication gadgets, which instantly connect information networks along various trajectories. However, the rapid development of information technology produces particular risks related to the control of communications industry, leaving both public and private realms unprotected and deforming them. This also urges us to rethink the issue of congruence of the two ideas such as transparency of societies and security.


Author(s):  
Tal Ilan

The women of the New Testament were Jewish women, and for historians of the period their mention and status in the New Testament constitutes the missing link between the way women are portrayed in the Hebrew Bible and their changed status in rabbinic literature (Mishnah and Talmud). In this chapter, I examine how they fit into the Jewish concepts of womanhood. I examine various recognized categories that are relevant for gender research such as patriarchy, public and private space, law, politics, and religion. In each case I show how these affected Jewish women, and how the picture that emerges from the New Testament fits these categories.


2021 ◽  
pp. 239965442110338
Author(s):  
David Jenkins ◽  
Lipin Ram

Public space is often understood as an important ‘node’ of the public sphere. Typically, theorists of public space argue that it is through the trust, civility and openness to others which citizens cultivate within a democracy’s public spaces, that they learn how to relate to one another as fellow members of a shared polity. However, such theorizing fails to articulate how these democratic comportments learned within public spaces relate to the public sphere’s purported role in holding state power to account. In this paper, we examine the ways in which what we call ‘partisan interventions’ into public space can correct for this gap. Using the example of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM), we argue that the ways in which CPIM partisans actively cultivate sites of historical regional importance – such as in the village of Kayyur – should be understood as an aspect of the party’s more general concern to present itself to citizens as an agent both capable and worthy of wielding state power. Drawing on histories of supreme partisan contribution and sacrifice, the party influences the ideational background – in competition with other parties – against which it stakes its claims to democratic legitimacy. In contrast to those theorizations of public space that celebrate its separateness from the institutions of formal democratic politics and the state more broadly, the CPIM’s partisan interventions demonstrate how parties’ locations at the intersections of the state and civil society can connect the public sphere to its task of holding state power to account, thereby bringing the explicitly political questions of democratic legitimacy into the everyday spaces of a political community.


Author(s):  
Sam Zimmerman

This research project seeks to establish a print culture context for popular British music during the time of the Napoleonic Wars. More specifically, this project investigates representations of Horatio Nelson, the Battle of the Nile (1798), and the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) to understand representations of heroism and the nature of public and private spheres during the time of the Napoleonic Wars. By studying these representations in popular song, this research better understands the jingoistic tropes of British early 19th century Britain as well as attitudes towards heroism and the Napoleonic Wars. Songs used in this project are: “Nelson’s Tomb,” “The Battle of the Nile,” “The Death of Nelson,” “The Disbanded Soldier” “The Mouth of the Nile,” and “The Orphan Boy’s Tale.” The conflicting perspectives found in these songs provide a greater understanding of British culture during the Napoleonic Wars. Songs which exclusively represent Nelson as the quintessential heroic sailor in the public sphere and Britain’s military acts as divinely sanctioned, choose to ignore Nelson’s relationship in the private sphere, and contrast songs which reject unqualified celebration in the wake of war, and focus on mourning as a result of the war. This disparity reflects the complexity and internal tension of 19th century British society, specifically oppositional attitudes of jingoism and mourning, as well as the celebration of renowned heroes versus the disregard of unknown soldiers and the dead. By considering such historical perspectives on war, we might better understand the voices that speak of war in our own time.


Author(s):  
Verioni Ribeiro Bastos

Diante da estrutura do sistema de ensino brasileiro no qual encontramos a disciplina, Ensino Religioso, constitucionalmente obrigatória no ensino fundamental das escolas públicas até as Ciências das Religiões nas Universidades Federais brasileiras, busco realizar um diálogo com outras trabalhos usando estes como interrogações para questionar o comum tido como natural, ou seja, a presença do religioso na esfera pública. Somado a isto o debate com autores que discutem a realidade francesa e a narração de dois casos extraídos da  observação participante completam a intenção de apresentar um ângulo mais agudo de refletir sobre a realidade brasileira no que concerne a religião, política e educação, como também, como o público e o privado caminham juntos na mentalidade da população do país. A secularização à brasileira anda a passos lentos e o quadro político-social e educacional do Brasil precisa de menos análises do que está posto e questionar por que o que está posto parece normal e se perpetua por gerações e gerações.Palavras-chave: Laicidade: ensino religioso. Política. Brasil. França.AbstractTaking the ideias of some authors we will try to understand the interconnections between religions and public sphere in Brazil and France. In Brazil we get two exemples of the relationship between public sphere and the religion: the presence of Religious Education and the Science Religions in the brazilian federal universities. In other hand we try to understand how in France we can see the relation between the religions and the public sphere thourgh the eyes of some authors who speak about it using two exemples we will show in this text. Completing the intention to present a more acute angle to reflect on the Brazilian reality with regard to religion, politics and education, as well as public and private walk together in the mindset of the country's population. Secularization Brazilian's slow steps and the socio-political framework and Brazil's educational needs less analysis than is post and question why what's post looks normal and perpetuates for generations and generations.Keywords: Secularism: religious education. Politics. Brazil. France.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document