scholarly journals III. History of the Area

Oryx ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

The present rhinoceros areas of Nepal, in fact the whole of that country, have been up till recent times a closed book to foreigners. Visits by outsiders were discouraged, even forbidden. Perhaps the first foreigner to tour in the Nawalpur, Chita wan, and Reu Valley areas was Mr. E. A. Smythies, who during World War II, was Forest Adviser to the Nepal Government. In the course of his duties Smythies visited almost all the submontane tracts along the 500 mile sal belts of the Nepal terai.

The Search for Synthetic Penicillin during World War II

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Patrick Swann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wonder Drug ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Second World ◽  
General Organization

In the past thirty or forty years scientists, historians, and others have written many histories of the wonder drug, penicillin. However, almost all of these works fail to develop an important part of the history of penicillin: the attempt to synthesize the drug during the Second World War. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore this largely unexamined episode in the history of science, and to answer some relevant questions. For example, why was there a need for synthetic penicillin? What organizational plans had to be made in order to accommodate this massive endeavor? What was the effect of the search for a synthesis on the natural production of this drug? And finally, did chemists ever devise a successful synthesis? Before attempting to answer these and other questions, a brief introduction to 1) the discovery and development of penicillin as a therapeutic agent, and 2) the general organization of wartime medical research in the United States and Great Britain, is necessary.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Collaboration in Ukraine and West Europe during World War Two: Comparative Analysis of English and German Historiography

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Xix Century

The problem of collaboration in Nazi-occupied Ukraine and Western Europe by Germany and its allies is discusses in this article. It is emphasized that almost 75 years after the end of World War II, discussions on this issue have not stopped yet, which intensified after Western historians proved the futility of the efforts of a number of politicians to present a number of nations as exclusively victims of the invaders. Some examples of such attempts made by Charles de Gaulle in France are cited in the article. Analysis of English- and German-language historiographical sources of the late XX – early XXI centuries testifies that the authors deviate from the «black and white» opposition of the «collaboration-resistance» ligament and prove that there were a lot of «gray zones» in it. We are also talking about those varieties of the occupation regime that inevitably predetermined the scale and forms of collaboration and its impact on the society. The history of the appearance of the interpretation of the «collaboration» concept starting with the XIX century and its political and emotional interpretation during World War II is considered. It is proved that in almost all European countries including Ukraine the number of active collaborators that is individuals who collaborated with the occupiers on an ideological basis remained small. The vast majority of citizens adapted to the situation choosing the model of behavior that corresponded to their moral and ethical qualities. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the motives of collaboration, the spectrum of which was very diverse. In addition it is very difficult to establish the true reasons for cooperation with the occupiers because the collaborators understood well the attitude towards them in the society and therefore disguised themselves. The conclusion of the authors of monographs and articles is unequivocal: the occupation regime in Ukraine and in the countries of Western Europe differed significantly in character especially in terms of cruelty and cynicism. It has been established that helpfulness or passive helpfulness was characteristic for most Western Europeans. Neither resistance nor active cooperation with the occupiers was equally undesirable for them. It is noted that the attempts to selectively read the past still do not stop which is unacceptable from the point of view of the true memory of World War II. The conclusion that the collaboration is more beneficial for the occupiers cannot be an excuse for hiding the facts of cooperation with the occupiers of the local population.

scholarly journals Organizacja zabezpieczenia tyłowego 1. Frontu Białoruskiego w operacji berlińskiej

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ WOJCIESZAK
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

The course of each of the wars is characterized by various types of solutions in the field of logistic security, usually implemented in very extreme conditions. These solutions are often of fundamental importance for the course of combat operations. The Berlin Operation, the Battle of Berlin (in Soviet and Russian historiography as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation) – an offensive operation carried out between April 16 and May 2, 1945 with the forces of three Red Army fronts. Its goal was to conquer Berlin. The logistics of the Soviet troops during World War II reached a climax of development, hitherto unknown, taking into account the needs of troops participating in the fighting during large offensive strategic operations. The content of the article presents selected issues concerning the rear protection of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. The conditions that determined its planning and organization were presented, and the final results of the work performed were indicated. The tasks and the model of the organization of the rear of the front as well as the arrangement of the essential elements and rear devices were discussed. The aim of the article is to popularize issues related to the rear support of hostilities. According to the author, this aspect is often overlooked, usually treated very briefly or even underestimated, not to say even neglected by military historians, an aspect accompanying every armed conflict. Looking at the course of military operations through the prism of logistics, we see a completely different face of the war. You can then fully understand the words of the Swiss general A.-H. Jomini’s: “Logistics is all or almost all military activities, except for combat”. The history of the army and wars is closely related to the history of logistics. There have always been logistical problems since the beginning of warfare. They were the basic condition for the success of all kinds of activities because their purpose was to satisfy the material and other needs of soldiers and the combat equipment used by them. The way logistics function on the battlefield contributes to the development of military thought and the art of war to a varying degree. The history of wars provides us with many examples that sometimes small innovations or the implementation of unconventional solutions can change the course of history and turn the tide of victory.

Profesor Edward Loth – Sprawiedliwy Wśród Narodów Świata za sprawą doktora Ludwika Stabholza

Nowa Medycyna ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ciesielska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Specialization ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Professor Edward Loth was an outstanding scientist, author of numerous scientific dissertations, including 7 monographs cited all over the world to this day. The life and scientific achievements of prof. Loth have been described in many detailed studies focusing both on his didactic activities and active participation in the fight against the German invader during World War II. Due to the military experience gained during World War I and the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1920 as well as the medical specialization in the field of orthopedics and rehabilitation, prof. Loth was especially qualified to manage the sanitary facilities of the Home Army during the German occupation in Poland. Almost all studies show that Professor Loth was awarded, among others The Order of Virtuti Militari and that he was given the title of “Righteous Among the Nations”. Unfortunately none of the existing articles describe the circumstances in which Professor helped Jews and who applied for his candidacy for this prestigious distinction. Due to the scientific research on the history of the doctors of the Warsaw ghetto, the author reached documents and accounts describing the so-called ”rescue story” and the name of the person whom help was given.

scholarly journals Fotografia: Grupa polskich studentów i stypendystów. Getynga, lato 1907. Trudne identyfikacje

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Danuta Ciesielska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Group Photo ◽  
Pre World War Ii

A Group of Polish Students and Scholarship Holders. Göttingen, Summer of 1907: A Photo. Difficult Identifications The article was inspired by a group photo of twelve young Polish scientists, taken in the summer of 1907 in Göttingen. Some of the men portrayed in it – then still scholarship holders and students – gained worldwide fame a few years later, and almost all of them became famous scientists in pre-World War II Poland. The original of the photo, ref. no. ZF.263, was stored in the Archives of Polish Mathematicians in Sopot and is currently in the Central Mathematical Library of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CBM IMPAN) in Warsaw. This photograph is a valuable memento for the history of Polish science. The article aims to reestablish the actual faces and names connection of the people in the photo since even renowned experts in photography had problems with their proper identification. The text gives examples of publications with a reproduction of the photo ZF.263 (or part of it) where some people are identified incorrectly.

“For the Hungry Have No Past nor Do They Belong to a Political Party”: Debates over German Hunger after World War II

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Weinreb
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Director General ◽  
World War ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food Economy ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
Global Food

When World War II finally came to an end, the Allied forces were primed to face a world of hunger. Since the earliest days of the conflict, experts throughout Europe and Asia had been predicting that the unfathomable scale of the war would result in a massive and permanent restructuring of the global food economy. Military victory itself was cast as inextricably intertwined with control over foodstuffs. In 1940, the British nutritionist and future Director-General of the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, Sir John Boyd-Orr, had warned that “we are only at the beginning of what looks like a long grim struggle, in which food may be, as it was in the last war, the decisive factor for victory.” Even more ominously, such experts foresaw the end of the war as ushering in a world defined less by peace and more by hunger. Australian economist and humanitarian Frank Lidgett McDougall axiomatically declared that “the exigencies of war and of the relief period will in the next few years render almost all men everywhere in the world highly food-conscious.” The recognition of the global ramifications of hunger meant that, as Nick Cullather put it in his recent article on the history of the calorie, “the construction of a postwar international order began with food.”

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Recasting Bourgeois Europe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Maier ◽  
Charles S. Maier
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
European History ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Economic Stabilization

The author, one of the most prominent contemporary scholars of European history, published this, his first book, in 1975. Based on extensive archival research, the book examines how European societies progressed from a moment of social vulnerability to one of political and economic stabilization. Arguing that a common trajectory calls for a multi country analysis, the book provides a comparative history of three European nations—France, Germany, and Italy—and argues that they did not simply return to a prewar status quo, but achieved a new balance of state authority and interest group representation. While most previous accounts presented the decade as a prelude to the Depression and dictatorships, the author suggests that the stabilization of the 1920s, vulnerable as it was, foreshadowed the more enduring political stability achieved after World War II. The immense and ambitious scope of this book, its ability to follow diverse histories in detail, and its effort to explain stabilization—and not just revolution or breakdown—have made it a classic of European history.

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