scholarly journals Peculiarities of Collaboration in Ukraine and West Europe during World War Two: Comparative Analysis of English and German Historiography

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Xix Century

The problem of collaboration in Nazi-occupied Ukraine and Western Europe by Germany and its allies is discusses in this article. It is emphasized that almost 75 years after the end of World War II, discussions on this issue have not stopped yet, which intensified after Western historians proved the futility of the efforts of a number of politicians to present a number of nations as exclusively victims of the invaders. Some examples of such attempts made by Charles de Gaulle in France are cited in the article. Analysis of English- and German-language historiographical sources of the late XX – early XXI centuries testifies that the authors deviate from the «black and white» opposition of the «collaboration-resistance» ligament and prove that there were a lot of «gray zones» in it. We are also talking about those varieties of the occupation regime that inevitably predetermined the scale and forms of collaboration and its impact on the society. The history of the appearance of the interpretation of the «collaboration» concept starting with the XIX century and its political and emotional interpretation during World War II is considered. It is proved that in almost all European countries including Ukraine the number of active collaborators that is individuals who collaborated with the occupiers on an ideological basis remained small. The vast majority of citizens adapted to the situation choosing the model of behavior that corresponded to their moral and ethical qualities. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the motives of collaboration, the spectrum of which was very diverse. In addition it is very difficult to establish the true reasons for cooperation with the occupiers because the collaborators understood well the attitude towards them in the society and therefore disguised themselves. The conclusion of the authors of monographs and articles is unequivocal: the occupation regime in Ukraine and in the countries of Western Europe differed significantly in character especially in terms of cruelty and cynicism. It has been established that helpfulness or passive helpfulness was characteristic for most Western Europeans. Neither resistance nor active cooperation with the occupiers was equally undesirable for them. It is noted that the attempts to selectively read the past still do not stop which is unacceptable from the point of view of the true memory of World War II. The conclusion that the collaboration is more beneficial for the occupiers cannot be an excuse for hiding the facts of cooperation with the occupiers of the local population.

Niemcy w Warszawie po raz pierwszy. Nowsze opracowania na temat niemieckiej okupacji 1915–1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1 (464)) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Maciej Górny
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Great War

The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.

Pick a Pocket Or Two

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Mordden
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
World War ◽  
Strong Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Model ◽  
History Of

This book tells the full history of the British musical, from The Beggar's Opera (1728) to the present, by isolating the unique qualities of the form and its influence on the American model. To place a very broad generalization, the American musical is regarded as largely about ambition fulfilled, whereas the British musical is about social order. Oklahoma!'s Curly wins the heart of the farmer Laurey—or, in other words, the cowboy becomes a landowner, establishing a truce between the freelancers on horseback and the ruling class. Half a Sixpence, on the other hand, finds a working-class boy coming into a fortune and losing it to fancy Dans, whereupon he is reunited with his working-class sweetheart, his modest place in the social order affirmed. Anecdotal and evincing a strong point of view, the book covers not only the shows and their authors but the personalities as well—W. S. Gilbert trying out his stagings on a toy theatre, Ivor Novello going to jail for abusing wartime gas rationing during World War II, fabled producer C. B. Cochran coming to a most shocking demise for a man whose very name meant “classy, carefree entertainment.”

The Search for Synthetic Penicillin during World War II

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Patrick Swann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wonder Drug ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Second World ◽  
General Organization

In the past thirty or forty years scientists, historians, and others have written many histories of the wonder drug, penicillin. However, almost all of these works fail to develop an important part of the history of penicillin: the attempt to synthesize the drug during the Second World War. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore this largely unexamined episode in the history of science, and to answer some relevant questions. For example, why was there a need for synthetic penicillin? What organizational plans had to be made in order to accommodate this massive endeavor? What was the effect of the search for a synthesis on the natural production of this drug? And finally, did chemists ever devise a successful synthesis? Before attempting to answer these and other questions, a brief introduction to 1) the discovery and development of penicillin as a therapeutic agent, and 2) the general organization of wartime medical research in the United States and Great Britain, is necessary.

scholarly journals III. History of the Area

Oryx ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

The present rhinoceros areas of Nepal, in fact the whole of that country, have been up till recent times a closed book to foreigners. Visits by outsiders were discouraged, even forbidden. Perhaps the first foreigner to tour in the Nawalpur, Chita wan, and Reu Valley areas was Mr. E. A. Smythies, who during World War II, was Forest Adviser to the Nepal Government. In the course of his duties Smythies visited almost all the submontane tracts along the 500 mile sal belts of the Nepal terai.

scholarly journals OUN’S EXPEDITION GROUPS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
V. A. Nesterenko ◽  
Е. А Murashko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Local Population ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
History Of

The OUN marching groups take a special place in the history of the Ukrainian liberation movement. Those organized groups consisted of the nationalistic activists from the Western Ukraine and the Ukrainian immigrants from many European countries. During the period of World War II (in the summer and autumn months of 1941) they were led to the central, eastern and southern regions of Ukraine. Their purpose was establishing Ukrainian authorities, local authorities; organizing national civilian and cultural life on the territories occupied by the Nazi Germany. The marching groups were formed by both the OUN under the leadership of Colonel A.Melnyk and the OUN-R led by S.Bandera. The article covers the OUN marching groups’ deployment and the main directions of their activity in the northern and eastern regions of Ukraine. On the basis of the historiographical sources the authors have come to the following conclusion. The active actions of the OUN underground were encouraged by the German administration’s inability to manage the occupied territories. The local population representatives’ engagement into the collaboration also played its part in that process. The downside of this activity was the German security agencies’ repressive policies that resulted in the death of the majority of the OUN underground members.

History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Rutten
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transnational History ◽  
World War ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

This chapter traces the transnational history of sincerity rhetoric, with particular emphasis on those traditions within older debates that inform and shape today's sincerity concerns. Linking Henri Peyre and Lionel Trilling's classical studies to recent research into sincerity rhetoric, the chapter considers discursive historical threads that prevail in contemporary readings of the term especially (although not only) in Russia. It explores the historical roots of the three thematic interconnections that dominate contemporary sincerity talk: sincerity and memory, sincerity and commodification, and sincerity and media. It also discusses the notion that contemporary views of sincerity are sociopolitically defined, skeptical by default, and media specific; how idiosyncratic they are for post-Soviet Russia; and how post-Soviet takes on sincerity use and revise historical and non-Russian readings of sincerity. Finally, it describes how sincerity emerged as a concern for cultural critics in mid-twentieth-century Western Europe and the United States, especially after World War II.

scholarly journals Sustainability by Education: How Latvian Heritage was Kept Alive in German Exile

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Geert Franzenburg
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Education Abroad ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
History Of

Abstract Sustainability is one of the core challenges for education in modern times, particularly concerning cultural heritage. The study evaluates, from a German point of view, how Latvians outside of Latvia after World War II kept their cultural heritage alive by educational concepts, which can be characterized as early roots of modern sustainable education. The evaluation focus concerns a group of Latvians in Germany associated with the Latvian high school in Muenster (MLG). The study concerns the 25 years from 1957 (school relocation to Muenster) until 1982 (founding of the organization “Latvian Center of Muenster e.V.” (LCM), and combines interviews and literature research. It underlines that environmental, social and heritage education can be seen as core elements of Latvian education abroad. Therefore, the study will not present a concise history of the Latvian high school in Muenster (MLG), which has already been done (Sprogis, 2009), but will concisely evaluate the educational concepts of this particular period as a model, how Latvians maintained their heritage in a sustainable way.

scholarly journals Conceptual problems of modern Russian symbolic policy in preserving the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Mihail Martynov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Politics ◽  
Modern Russian

The article attempts to explain the problems faced by modern Russian politics of memory in connection with falsifications of the history of World War II. Attention is drawn to the reasons for the spread in the public mind of the opinion of the equal responsibility of Germany and the USSR in starting a war. It is shown that the reason for the difficulties of the Russian symbolic policy is the lack of a coherent theoretical construct that allows a logically consistent interpretation of the events of the political history of the first half of the twentieth century. It points to the uncritical acceptance by the Russian political science of the theory of totalitarianism and insufficient attention to the laws of the formation of fascist regimes in Western Europe. It is concluded that inclusion in the world economic system under the conditions of the A historical and comparative approach, comparing the features of using various conceptual foundations of events at the beginning of World War II, depending on the interests and goals of political actors. West inevitably turns out to be supplemented by the loss of sovereignty in the scientific and theoretical sphere.

scholarly journals Organizacja zabezpieczenia tyłowego 1. Frontu Białoruskiego w operacji berlińskiej

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ WOJCIESZAK
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

The course of each of the wars is characterized by various types of solutions in the field of logistic security, usually implemented in very extreme conditions. These solutions are often of fundamental importance for the course of combat operations. The Berlin Operation, the Battle of Berlin (in Soviet and Russian historiography as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation) – an offensive operation carried out between April 16 and May 2, 1945 with the forces of three Red Army fronts. Its goal was to conquer Berlin. The logistics of the Soviet troops during World War II reached a climax of development, hitherto unknown, taking into account the needs of troops participating in the fighting during large offensive strategic operations. The content of the article presents selected issues concerning the rear protection of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. The conditions that determined its planning and organization were presented, and the final results of the work performed were indicated. The tasks and the model of the organization of the rear of the front as well as the arrangement of the essential elements and rear devices were discussed. The aim of the article is to popularize issues related to the rear support of hostilities. According to the author, this aspect is often overlooked, usually treated very briefly or even underestimated, not to say even neglected by military historians, an aspect accompanying every armed conflict. Looking at the course of military operations through the prism of logistics, we see a completely different face of the war. You can then fully understand the words of the Swiss general A.-H. Jomini’s: “Logistics is all or almost all military activities, except for combat”. The history of the army and wars is closely related to the history of logistics. There have always been logistical problems since the beginning of warfare. They were the basic condition for the success of all kinds of activities because their purpose was to satisfy the material and other needs of soldiers and the combat equipment used by them. The way logistics function on the battlefield contributes to the development of military thought and the art of war to a varying degree. The history of wars provides us with many examples that sometimes small innovations or the implementation of unconventional solutions can change the course of history and turn the tide of victory.

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