scholarly journals Exploitation and Conservation of Seals in South Georgia

Oryx ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Nigel Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Antarctic Convergence ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Antarctic

Almost from the date of their discovery by Captain Cook in 1775 the seal stocks of South Georgia have formed the basis of a lucrative, though initially sporadic, industry.South Georgia lies between 54 degrees and 55 degrees South and between 36 degrees and 38 degrees West. Despite its low latitude it has an antarctic climate, being south of the Antarctic Convergence at all seasons of the year. True sea ice is probably never formed on any of its coasts though enormous quantities of brash ice from the many glaciers may frequently obstruct access to certain beaches. Meteorological observations are made at King Edward Cove, a sheltered spot on the north-east coast, which does not perhaps represent truly the severity of the climate. In 1953 the average temperature throughout the year was 35·6 degrees F. and the extreme minimum recorded was 10 degrees F. in July. Almost certainly the exposed parts of the coast, particularly on the south-west side, frequently experience temperatures below zero. Violent winds are common. In 1953 the mean wind-speed was 8·9 knots and precipitation, mostly in the form of snow, amounted to 1,257·6 mm. The pattern of the climate of South Georgia is delineated by the relatively low temperatures, the prevailing high winds and the heavy precipitation.

Introduction

1964 ◽  
Vol 281 (1384) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Antarctic Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Cold Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Antarctic Convergence ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The Antarctic

The topic of this afternoon’s Discussion was proposed by a joint panel of the National Committees on Antarctic and Oceanic Research to see whether joint discussion of an outstanding problem would initiate further collaboration. The Antarctic Convergence is a fairly obvious partition round the southern half of the circumpolar ocean, marking where the cold water of the Antarctic surface layer comes up against warmer Subantarctic water. It is always found in more or less the same position and many authors have referred to it as an important climatological and zoogeographical boundary. The physical processes which give rise to it may have a bearing on events in the atmosphere as well as on the general circulation of the ocean. It is not a barrier, the Antarctic water sinks, mixes and continues to the north at a lower level; icebergs get across it, and animals too, but it is an interesting and significant frontier. It should have been rather easy in a country like ours, traditionally interested in the Antarctic and the oceans, to find speakers, but the little we know about the Antarctic Convergence tends to emphasize the lack of really precise information such as scientists like to have, and as convener of the discussion I ought to mention that today’s speakers are not very willing volunteers. The story begins with the report of the meteorological observations of the German South Polar Expedition of 1901–02, published, like most large reports of expeditions, some 20 years later. Professor W. Meinardus, studying the surface temperature observations in the Indian Antarctic sector, found that the decrease of temperature towards the south becomes noticeably slower south of 50° S. The contrast was sufficient to divide the west wind drift into a cold zone to the south and a warm one to the north. He recognized the boundary as a line along which the cold Antarctic water sinks below the warmer Snbantarctic water with a consequent rise in surface temperature towards the north of about 2 °C. Using the observations of other expeditions he was able to plot its latitude from 105° W to 80° E. The circumpolar voyage made by the R. R. S. Discovery II in the winter of 1932 showed that it is continuous round the continent.

II.—Further Notes on the Petrography of South Georgia

1916 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
New Material ◽  
Rock Specimens

The new material on which this paper is based has lately been received through Mr. D. Ferguson, who recently investigated the geology of the island, and collected the rocks described in an earlier paper. It consists of twenty-seven rock specimens from the south-eastern end of the island, between Cape Disappointment and Cooper Island, and nine specimens from Gold Harbour on the north-east coast between Cooper Island and Royal Bay. All these were collected by the staff of the South Georgia Co., Ltd., under the instructions of Mr. Th. E. Salvesen, managing director, of Leith.

On the Chloride Waters of Great Britain

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The South ◽  
Very Old ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Village ◽  
Made In

Formerly there were several surface brine springs in the North-East Coalfield; to-day there are none. From the many accounts of their occurrence nothing has been learned of their exact position, and very little of the composition of their waters. The earliest record, made in 1684, described the Butterby spring (Todd, 1684), and then at various times during the next two centuries brine springs at Framwellgate, Lumley, Birtley, Walker, Wallsend, Hebburn, and Jarrow were noted. In particular the Birtley salt spring is often mentioned, and on the 6-in. Ordnance map, Durham No. 13, 1862 edition, it is sited to the south-east of the village. Although no record has been found there must have been either a brine spring or well at Gateshead, for the name of the present-day suburb, Saltwell, is very old, and brine springs are still active in the coal workings of that area.

scholarly journals Water-balance and hydrology research in a mountainous permafrost watershed in upland streams of the Kolyma River, Russia: a database from the Kolyma Water-Balance Station, 1948–1997

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Makarieva ◽  
Nataliia Nesterova ◽  
Lyudmila Lebedeva ◽  
Sergey Sushansky
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Kolyma River ◽  
Vast Territory

Abstract. As of 2017, 70 years have passed since the beginning of work at the Kolyma water-balance station (KWBS), a unique scientific research hydrological and permafrost catchment. The volume and duration (50 continuous years) of hydrometeorological standard and experimental data, characterizing the natural conditions and processes occurring in mountainous permafrost conditions, significantly exceeds any counterparts elsewhere in the world. The data are representative of the vast territory of the North-East of Russia. In 1997, the station was terminated, thereby leaving Russia without operating research watersheds in the permafrost zone. This paper describes the dataset containing the series of daily runoff from 10 watersheds with area from 0.27 to 21.3 km2, precipitation, meteorological observations, evaporation from soil and snow, snow surveys, soil thaw and freeze depths, and soil temperature for the period 1948–1997. It also highlights the main historical stages of the station's existence, its work and scientific significance, and outlines the prospects for its future, where the Kolyma water-balance station could be restored to the status of a scientific research watershed and become a valuable international center for hydrological research in permafrost. The data is available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.881731.

The Intermediate Depth Waters of the Tasman and Coral Seas. II.The 26.80σt surface

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Intermediate Depth ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Distribution ◽  
South West ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Antarctic Convergence ◽  
Horizontal Mixing ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Western Pacific

The distribution of salinity, dissolved oxygen, and phosphates on the 26.80 σt surface of the Tasman and Coral Seas is examined. The distribution patterns of these properties and the relations of salinity and phosphate and salinity and oxygen values are explained by horizontal mixing of three water types. These originated, one to the north of the Antarctic Convergence, one in the south-west Tasman, possibly in the Australian Bight, and one at the equator in the western Pacific. The major sinking regions and the circulation paths of subtropical waters in the Tasman Sea are deduced from their summer and winter distribution and from the topography of the 26.80 σt, surface.

Primary Health and The Problem with Men?

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Strategic Framework ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Practice Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Many

It would be a brave health promotion coordinator who would suggest to Primary Care Partnership health promotion sub-committee members that just providing "information" to "people who are problems" is a "best-practice" approach (Legge et aI., 1996). One, and only one, of the many reasons for the change has been the creation and dissemination of the Men's Health Promotion Strategic Framework (Hayes, 1999). This framework was developed through a project funded by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and commissioned by the North East Health Promotion Centre (NEHPC), Melbourne.

The Bantu Expansion and the SOAS Network

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 261-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Flight
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Line ◽  
The South ◽  
Irregular Boundary ◽  
African Languages ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Independent Families ◽  
The Many

One difference between linguists and other Africanists seemed to be that others were prepared to jettison one part of their training to help other disciplines, but linguists apparently would not. Was this so, and if so, why?The Bantu expansion has been a problem for historians ever since the recognition by linguists of a single startling fact. During the nineteenth century, the descriptions of African languages available to scholars in Europe grew steadily in number; they also tended to gain in detail, and in accuracy. It thus became increasingly clear that a sinuous line could be traced across the map distinguishing a zone of extremely high diversity in the north from a zone of low diversity in the south. By the 1880s a popularizing writer could claim that this contrast was generally recognized “by students of African languages.” The situation as he described it was that in the northern half of the continent there are bewildering multitudes of diverse tongues belonging to many independent families, and apparently irreducible to a common origin. Yet cross the irregular boundary-line which runs over the continent from 6° N. on the west coast to the Equator on the east coast … and what do we find? Why that the whole of the southern half of Africa, with the exception of the Masai and Galla intrusion in the north-east and the Hottentot enclave in the south-west, is the domain of a single homogeneous family of languages, … differing perhaps less among themselves than do the many offshoots of the Aryan stock.

Helping Smaller Manufacturers Implement Performance Measurement

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Coleman ◽  
John Francis ◽  
Carol Hodgson ◽  
Dave Stewardson
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
European Regional Development Fund ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Many ◽  
Company Growth

This paper describes the first Business-to-Business mentoring programme, which was conducted in the North East region of England during 2000. This was a pilot for a scheme that is part of the region's overall effort to help small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) improve manufacturing praxis. A large host company mentored nine SMEs in the use of performance measurement with the help of a university-based expert facilitator. The programme lasted eight months, with support provided from the European Regional Development Fund. It was managed by the Regional Technology Centre in Sunderland. The authors show how the programme was initiated, how companies were recruited and how individual projects were selected. They go on to discuss how projects were tackled, how these related to objectives within partner companies and how successful mentoring was achieved. People-related issues, and teamworking, as always, present both a major challenge and an opportunity in schemes like this. Besides solving technical problems within the companies, the programme helped to engage existing staff skills in arriving at the various solutions, often to the surprise of company managers. It is suggested that, in addition to the many practical improvements that can be achieved, the well-known problem of changing patterns of control during small company growth can be facilitated by such schemes. The reasons why some companies benefited substantially and others failed to engage completely in the programme are also discussed.

30.—Weather Routing of Ships on the North Atlantic.

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
R. F. Zobel
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Ship Routing ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Electronic Computers ◽  
Meteorological Observations

Modern ship routing is a matter for specialist forecasters using a mass of meteorological observations processed by large, high-speed electronic computers, as will appear below.Historically, some form of routing has been practised for centuries as the result of observations made by navigators and explorers as they gradually laid bare the geography of the earth's oceans and continents.It cannot be known whether the very early navigators followed routes based on weather considerations, but they may have done so in limited areas of the globe. There is some reason to suppose that the Atlantic islands and even perhaps the West Indies were known to the Phoenicians. Legends which suggest this are supported by the finding of a stock of fourth century b.c. Phoenician coins at Corvo in the Azores. It has been reasonably supposed in some quarters that these coins were from a Phoenician trader wrecked on the island whilst on passage westwards, but how far west we cannot be sure.It has never been seriously doubted that the north-east coast of America was discovered and temporarily colonised by Vikings from Greenland during the latter part of the first century A.D. Certain archaeological finds have been held by some to support this view. An account of some early pioneering voyages has been given by Villiers (1956).These early voyages can hardly have been consciously weather routed, though some knowledge of the prevailing wind conditions may well have been acquired. Perhaps it was as late as the end of the fifteenth century that the first known weather-routed voyage was made. Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry of Portugal) was intent on finding a way round the Cape into the Indian Ocean in order to oust the Venetians and Arabs from their lucrative trading in that area. He fitted out expedition after expedition, but they all turned back as they hugged the African coast and were caught in the doldrums. Eventually they learned to stand well out to sea and so get the benefit of the N.E. trades and in 1434 they reached the equator. However, it was another half-century before the Cape was reached and this could conceivably be regarded as the first weather-routed voyage.

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