scholarly journals Research, conservation and zoos: the EC Zoos Directive – a response to Rees

Oryx ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Wehnelt ◽  
Roger Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Conservation Measure ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Statutory Requirement ◽  
Set Up ◽  
National Systems ◽  
The Eu

Rees (2005) states in his critical review of the EC Zoos Directive that ‘zoos have no incentive to undertake conservation research because they can legitimately ignore this requirement providing they carry out an alternative conservation measure. Zoos therefore can comply with the EU Zoos Directive by doing nothing.’ Zoo conservation took a major step forward when the Council of EC Environment Ministers agreed in 1998 to an EC Zoos Directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos. The Directive came into force in 1999 and requires that all Member States set up national systems for the licensing and inspection of zoos. The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 already implements many of the measures in the Directive, including the provision of proper accommodation and care for the animals, keeping up to date records, and taking appropriate measures to prevent escapes. But the requirements that zoos participate in conservation and education activities are new. Although many zoos already participate, the new legislation has made this a statutory requirement. Each European country is now responsible for enforcing the EU Directive with their national zoos. The Directive needs to be general because it applies to animal collections of very different sizes and structures. It cannot be expected that the Directive sets standards higher than is achievable for its smallest members.

European Union Public Procurement Remedies Regimes

2012 ◽  
pp. 162-184
Author(s):  
Kai Krüger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Eu

The chapter explores the Nordic statutory EU-based remedy regimes. Due to the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, the EU commitments do not vary between EU member states, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden and (non-members) Norway and Iceland. The legislation on procurement remedies is assumed to be EU/EEA compliant. There are however material differences in the set up for handling disputes and complaints—also subsequent to the 2010-2012 Nordic adaptation of EU Directive 2007/66/EC on enhanced procurement remedies. The pending issue is whether the EU “sufficiently serious breach” principle on treaty infringements applies on liability for procurement flaws. Loss of contract damage has been awarded in all Nordic countries, whereas cases on negative interest (costs in preparing futile tender bids) seem more favorable to plaintiffs. Per mid-2012, there are no Nordic rulings on the effect of the recent somewhat ambiguous EU Court of Justice Strabag and Spijkers 2010 rulings.

scholarly journals Defense R&D and national R&D systems: A European outlook

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Daffix ◽  
Yves Jacquin
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
European Country ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
French Case ◽  
Statistical Survey ◽  
National Systems

The aim of this article is to study the role of defense-related R&D in national systems of innovation, with a special focus on France. We first highlight the role of defense in the national system of R&D for European countries and then detail the case for the French Ministry of Defense. The article presents information provided by the OECD science and technology database and the French statistical survey on R&D based on the OECD methodology. In terms of funding as well as in terms of performance, the organization of research efforts is quite different from one European country to another. The detailed analysis of the French case shows an approximate stability in terms of funding after the gap of the late 1990s, but also a switch from R&D that is performed in-house to contracts with the industrial sector. This comparative exercise about Europe provides insights on the specificities of national systems of innovation and their evolution.

scholarly journals The role of victims’ lawyers in criminal proceedings in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082093185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nieke A Elbers ◽  
Sonja Meijer ◽  
Iris M Becx ◽  
Arlette JJG Schijns ◽  
Arno J Akkermans
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Case File ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Sex Offences ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

The role of the victim in the criminal trial process has evolved considerably in recent decades. On a European level, an important driver has been the EU Directive 2012/29/EU, according to which European countries are legally bound to afford certain rights to crime victims. In the Netherlands, the EU Directive has instigated several extensions of existing victims’ rights, and in the Code of Criminal Procedure a separate section has been devoted to the victim. The current study specifically addresses one of the victims’ rights, that is, the right to be legally represented. The Dutch government has financially invested in access to and specialization of victim lawyers in order to promote the realization of victims’ rights, specifically for victims of serious crimes and sex offences. The goal of the current study was to investigate the added value of victim lawyers and the extent to which they contribute to the fulfilment of victims’ rights in the criminal law process. A literature study was conducted to examine legislation pertaining to victims’ rights; a questionnaire study was conducted to investigate the perspective of victim lawyers ( n = 148); and interviews were conducted to examine the perspective of the police, Victim Support Netherlands, Public Prosecuting Service, and criminal courts ( n = 17). The results show that victim lawyers were important to the realization of victims’ rights. They were considered most necessary with respect to the right to claim compensation and with respect to the right to gain access to the case file. They were also required because victims’ rights have not yet been smoothly incorporated into legal practice. In addition, victim lawyers’ presence in the courtroom was considered important because it contributes to victims experiencing that they are taken seriously. It has been concluded that the support of victim lawyers is an important contribution to victim participation in criminal proceedings.

Harmonization of VCU testing methods for maize varieties in a European context

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-377
Author(s):  
J. Van Waes
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Separate System ◽  
Evaluation Of Parameters ◽  
National Systems ◽  
The Eu

In the European Community, a new variety of an agricultural crop must be submitted for official trials for DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability) and VCU (Value for Cultivation and Use) before commercialization. The guidelines for these tests are summarized in the European directive 70/457/EU (1970), revised in 2002 (2002/53/EU).  At present each EU country has a separate system for VCU testing. The EU directive stipulates that the VCU value must be satisfactory. The term “satisfactory” can be interpreted in different ways, so the level for admission for the same varieties may differ greatly between countries. For the market this can lead to a different assortment of varieties, adapted for the same ecological regions, but distributed over several countries. The different steps, from acceptance of a variety for trials, through the organization, the evaluation of parameters during the growing season, harvest modalities and data processing to the criteria for registration in Belgium are presented in the paper, followed by an analysis of the registration procedure in Belgium in comparison with other countries  Thereafter, a proposal is given for harmonization and international cooperation in the VCU testing of varieties adapted to comparable ecological regions of neighbouring countries and with the same crop exploitation and use of the final product. For these varieties it is important that nearly the same rules are used for the registration of VCU value. The basis for successful international cooperation is a good knowledge of the national systems, searching for similarities and finding a solution for differences.

scholarly journals Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Romanian Citizens Abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 409-425
Author(s):  
Felicia Nica ◽  
Madalina Moraru
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Institutional Network ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Romania is the EU Member State with the highest numbers of emigrants, according to Eurostat. The annual growth of the Romanian diaspora is one of the fastest in the world, and quite recent (over the past 20 years). In light of these developments, the institutional network for engagement with Romanians abroad, first established in the mid-1990s, has recently increased in an attempt to respond to the fast-growing Romanian diaspora. A Ministry entirely dedicated to maintaining the relations with the Romanian diaspora was formally institutionalized 10 years after Romania officially joined the EU in 2017, replacing scattered departments and institutional bodies. However, the role of the recently set up diaspora institutions still needs to be clarified and firmly determined. Policies were developed with the goal of ensuring the integration of Romanian citizens in their countries of residence, but also to encourage return to Romania. In particular, as few other European diaspora populations, the Romanian diaspora is represented in the Romanian Parliament by two Senators and four Deputies who represent the interests of three to five million Romanians abroad.

scholarly journals Menometrorrhagia in magnetic resonance imaging operators with copper intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDS): A case report

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabriziomaria Gobba ◽  
Nadia Bianchi ◽  
Paolo Verga ◽  
Gian Contessa ◽  
Paolo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe paper describes the cases of 3 female health operators with implanted copper IUDs, developing menometrorrhagia some months after an increase of the working time in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Unit (1.5 T), that progressively disappeared when the previous organization, involving discontinuous work shifts at MRI, was re-established. No known factors possibly related to menometrorrhagia were evidenced in the 3 operators, supporting the hypothesis of a role of the exposure to the electromagnetic fields (EMF) induced by the MRI system in symptoms induction. The possible mechanism remains unsettled, but menometrorrhagia might be triggered by a phlogistic stimulus caused by EMF, possibly the low-frequency currents induced in the wires of the IUD during the movements of the operator inside the static magnetic field generated by the MRI permanent magnet. Until now, the problem of possible interactions between copper IUDs and EMF induced by MRI has been considered in patients undergoing imaging, but the possible risk in MRI Units operators has been largely neglected. To our knowledge, the occurrence of menometrorrhagia is not routinely checked in health surveillance of MRI operators, so these symptoms can pass unnoticed, especially if they are transitory. Therefore, underreporting is rather possible. The cases described here support the need for further research on this topic, especially considering the progressive diffusion of more powerful MRI scanners (3 T and more), and of the interventional magnetic resonance imaging, both potentially involving higher EMF exposures, and a large number of MRI female operators, possibly using IUDs. The possibility that MRI operators with implanted metallic IUDs can be included in the group of “workers at particular risk” according to the EU Directive 2004/40/EC should be considered.

scholarly journals Polexit – Is the Exit of Poland from the EU a Viable Option?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Dumitrita Florea ◽  
Narcisa Gales
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
General Rules ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Eu

States must respect the interests of the international community since they must exercise their powers in a manner consistent with the general rules of international law; the territorial competence of the State is in this case limited, not only to foreigners, but also to their own residents, this means that the role of the state is to protect its own citizens, but also foreign citizens. The State must also exercise its competence in a manner that maintains the freedom of international communications. From the outset, the European Communities have sought to achieve forceful cooperation between Member States than that resulting from co-oping organizations. To this end, the states put themselves in a more similar perspective to the federal aspirations, which were, conceived at the Hague Congress in May 1948, and were then struck by the conceptions of proponents of institutionalized cooperation. Initially, in the West, the European construction took the form of co-operation organizations conceived in the late 40 years, some of which were due to American-inspired initiatives. After years of sustained efforts to recover and rebuild Europe, it faces the creation of a actually broader Community than that of industrialized countries, made up of multiple organizations operating on a solidarity basis and finding a balance in their development. The cooperation organizations set up in the West come to add new, restricted organizations in the early 50 years, not other than the European Communities, which contribute to a new federal vision.

scholarly journals Constitución económica, ordoliberalismo y Unión Europea. De un derecho económico nacional a uno europeo

2019 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Luis Ignacio Gordillo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Economic Constitution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Framework ◽  
Complex Matter ◽  
The Eu

Este trabajo realiza una revisión crítica del conceptode constitución económica, acuñado por la doctrina alemana, analizandosu contenido, alcance y su aplicación al marco económico de laUnión Europea. En este sentido, se planteará la relación entre economíay Constitución, el papel de la regulación económica en el marcode la UE, su relación con las previsiones constitucionales nacionalesy, en último término, se centrará en los elementos de la constitucióneconómica de esta entidad supranacional sin perder de vista el marconacional y los desafíos que ello plantea. Para describir el contenidode la constitución económica de la UE se recuperará parcialmenteel viejo símil del templo griego de los tres pilares, adaptándolo a estacompleja materia. Finalmente, se concluye que la constitución económicade la UE constituye un modelo único que se inspira en los valoresordoliberales y que contiene elementos intervencionistas y persigue,en última instancia, desarrollar un auténtico contenido social.This paper performs a critical review of the concept ofeconomic constitution, coined by the German doctrine, analyzing itscontent, scope and its application to the economic framework of theEuropean Union. In this regard, the relationship between the economyand the Constitution, the role of economic regulation withinthe framework of the EU, its relationship with national constitutionalprovisions and, ultimately, will focus on the elements of theeconomic constitution of this supranational entity without losingsight of the national framework and the challenges that this poses.To describe the content of the economic constitution of the EU, theold simile of the Greek temple of the three pillars will be partially recovered,adapting it to this complex matter. Finally, it is concludedthat the economic constitution of the EU constitutes a unique modelthat is inspired by ordoliberal values and that contains interventionistelements and seeks, in the last instance, to develop an authenticsocial content.

11 The Role of Deposit Insurance Post Implementation of the EU Recovery, Resolution, and Deposit Guarantee Directives

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
LaBrosse John Raymond ◽  
Walker David K
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Deposit Insurance ◽  
International Association ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
System Safety ◽  
European Directive ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Deposit Guarantee Schemes ◽  
The Eu

This chapter explores some key provisions of the European Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) and how it relates to deposit protection provided by the European Directive on Deposit Guarantee Schemes (DGS). It explains the structure and roles of the agencies that comprise a financial system safety net and the pertinent features of the arrangements that have been widely adopted. In particular, the chapter considers the provisions of the Directive respecting which agency within the safety net should have responsibility for bank resolutions, the ‘bail-in’ provisions embodied within the Directive, and significant issues that have yet to be addressed fully. In doing so it examines how the EU Directive lines up with work undertaken by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI).

scholarly journals The Role of Intellectual Capital on Competitive Advantage

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Hazhar Omer Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Learning Society ◽  
Main Thrust ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Eu

With the appropriation of the Lisbon Agenda and its significant goal, in particular that the EU would turn into the most powerful and serious information-based economy on the planet, it turned out to be clear the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME's) are the particularly influenced by these plans, since they speak to the main thrust for the European economy (Abdullah & Othman2, 2016). In this setting of making and keeping up an upper hand for the SME's, it is essential for them to utilize the scholarly capital of their workers, in an effective and capable way, to build their potential for development. The point of this article is to show, through a unique argumentation, in view of the investigation of specific writing, the significant job that scholarly capital plays in the area of SME's to acquire a genuine and feasible upper hand. The examination depends on the basic critical review of literature based on intellectual capital, upper hand, business execution, development, and learning society. The examination conceptualizes the system of scholarly capital and considers the job of development as an interceding variable and learning as a directing element. The reasonable idea of the investigation is the fundamental constraint.

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