Methods in coccidiosis research: separation of oocysts from faeces

Parasitology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ryley ◽  
R. Meade ◽  
Judith Hazelhurst ◽  
Thelma E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Glass Bead ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Collection Medium ◽  
Forced Aeration

Factors which may be important in the large-scale extraction of coccidial oocysts from faeces have been investigated with Eimeria tenella. Age of bird, inoculum, feeding status at the time of inoculation, period of collection, feeding status during collection, collection medium, homogenization and sieving, flotation, washing, sporulation and further purification have all been considered. The aim has been to establish a method to produce the maximum number of oocysts of a required degree of purity and viability, with the expenditure of the minimum amount of physical effort, time, animals and chemicals. In our method, groups of chickens 3–4 weeks of age are inoculated with 5000 oocysts of E. tenella and food is supplied ad lib. Over the period 5–8 days after inoculation, faeces are collected in trays containing 2% (w/v) potassium dichromate solution, while food intake is restricted. The faecal material is homogenized, passed once through 40 and 100 mesh sieves, centrifuged and the oocysts recovered from the sediment by 3 flotations in saturated salt solution. Following washing, oocysts are sporulated by forced aeration at 30°C and may be further purified by hypochlorite treatment, or passage in 5% Tween 80 solution through a glass bead column followed by sucrose density gradient centri-fugation. Routine passages along these lines over a 5 year period have given a recovery of 46% of the oocysts excreted by over 7000 birds.

Application of eco-friendly natural dye obtained from Spathodea campanulata on silk using combination of mordants

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kumaresan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Natural Dye ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Silk Fabric ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extract the eco-friendly natural dye obtained from the flower of Spathodea campanulata and apply on silk fabric using combination of mordants. The fastness properties of the flower of Spathodea campanulata dyed silk fabric have been studied using different combination (1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) of various mordants, such as myrobolan: nickel sulphate, myrobolan: aluminium sulphate, myrobolan: potassium dichromate, myrobolan: ferrous sulphate and myrobolan: stannous chloride. The wash, rub, light and perspiration fastness of the dyed samples have been evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – For dyeing there are three methods are used. They are Pre mordanting, Simultaneous mordanting and Post mordanting methods. Dyed silk materials are tested by using wash fastness, rub fastness, light and perspiration fastness methods. Findings – It is found that Spathodea campanulata dye can be successfully used for the dyeing of silk to obtain a wide range colours by using various combinations of mordants. With regards to colour fastness, test samples exhibit excellent fastness to washing, rubbing, except for pre-mordanting using myrobolan: potassium dichromate combination; and good to excellent fastness to perspiration in both acidic and alkaline media. Originality/value – Availability of literature related to this work is not available. The study of combination of mordants of this natural dye on silk is a new research work and the large scale preparation is definitely very useful to the society.

scholarly journals The fine structure produced in cells by primary fixatives 2. Potassium dichromate

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (73) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Zymogen Granules ◽  
Mouse Pancreas

The exocrine cells of the mouse pancreas were fixed in potassium dichromate solution, embedded in araldite or other suitable medium, and examined by electron microscopy. Almost every part of these cells is seriously distorted or destroyed by this fixative. The ergastoplasm is generally unrecognizable, the mitochondria and zymogen granules are seldom visible, and no sign of the plasma membrane, microvilli, or Golgi apparatus is seen. The contents of the nucleus are profoundly rearranged. It is seen to contain a large, dark, irregularly shaped, finely granular object; the evidence suggests that this consists of coagulated histone. The sole constituent of the cell that is well fixed is the inner nuclear membrane. The destructive properties of potassium dichromate are much mitigated when it is mixed in suitable proportions with osmium tetroxide or formaldehyde.

Diversity and prevalence of gut parasites in urban macaques

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Bikram Sapkota ◽  
Roshan Babu Adhikari ◽  
Ganga Ram Regmi ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tirth Raj Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
The Status

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are commonly found to inhabit various religious sites and cities in Nepal. Similar to other nonhuman primates, they are also the natural or reservoir host of several gut parasites. However, the status of gut parasitism, particularly in the urban dweller macaques, remains largely unexplored in the country. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and diversity of gut parasites in the monkeys inhabiting Bajrabarahee, an urban temple area in Lalitpur District, Nepal. A total of 42 fresh fecal samples of macaques belonging to five different troops, were collected and preserved in 2.5% (w/v) potassium dichromate solution. The fecal samples were processed by direct wet mount, concentration, and acid-fast techniques and examined under an optical microscope. All the fecal samples were positive with gut parasites. The parasites detected were Ascarid spp., Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba spp., Giardia sp., hookworm, Strongyloides sp., Strongylid spp., Trichomonas sp., and Trichuris sp. Cent percent prevalence rate and high species richness with 12 parasites may indicate that they have impact on the gut health of these monkeys. This suggests the need of deworming the macaque population and enhancing public awareness for pro-active control of parasitic infection as well as of adopting the preventive measures to lessen the zoonotic transmission of the pathogenic parasites.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Profiles, Physicochemical Analysis, and Biological Activity of Three Colchicum Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Davoodi ◽  
Mohammad Azadbakht ◽  
Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr ◽  
Saeed Emami ◽  
Masoud Azadbakht
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Colchicum is a genus of the Colchicaceae family with various isolated compounds, especially tropolone alkaloids and flavonoids, which are used for osteoarthritis, gout, cancer, inflammatory diseases, jaundice, and sexual impotence in different societies. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical and physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory activities of three Colchicum species. Methods: Total tropolone alkaloid, total phenolic/total tannin, and total flavonoid contents were determined using acidic potassium dichromate, Folin-Ciocalteu, and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Moreover, the HPLC method was used for identification and quantitation purposes of tropolone alkaloids. Physicochemical properties of three Colchicum species, including macroscopic and organoleptic properties, solubility, foreign matter, ash values, and heavy metal contents, were evaluated. Besides, in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the corms also were determined using the protein denaturation technique as a rapid screening method. Results: The highest levels of tropolone alkaloid, phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids were observed in C. autumnale, C. speciosum, and C. robustum, respectively. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of colchicine, demecolcine, 2-demethyl colchicine, 3-demethyl colchicine, colchicoside, colchifoline, cornigerine, and N-deacetyl-N-formyl colchicine in these Colchicum species. The physicochemical properties of C. speciosum and C. robustum corms are appropriate compared to the standard Colchicum autumnale corm. Moreover, all Colchicum species exhibited high anti-inflammatory activities compared to standard drugs. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the corm of the Colchicum species contained similar main compounds with different amounts, as well as appropriate physicochemical properties. Moreover, the valuable biological effects of these plants stimulate the cultivations on a large scale.

scholarly journals Anticoccidial Activity of Aloe debrana and Aloe pulcherrima Leaf Gel against Eimeria Oocysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andualem Yimer Desalegn ◽  
Mulubrihan Rahimeto Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Anticoccidial Activity ◽  
Avian Coccidiosis

Avian coccidiosis is one of the serious infectious diseases that pose huge impact on the health and production of poultry, hence mainly controlled by regular use of prophylactic and therapeutic chemical drugs. Frequent use of anticoccidial drugs, however, has resulted in the development of resistance in the Eimeria species and concerns about drug residues which have stimulated the efforts to search for alternative. Aloe pulcherrima and Aloe debrana are some of the endemic Aloe species of Ethiopia which are traditionally used for the treatment of various infectious diseases. In this study, an in vitro trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Aloe debrana and A. pulcherrima leaf gel infusions on the inhibition of the sporulation of oocysts of mixed Eimeria species isolated from naturally infected chickens. In this assay, petri dishes containing unsporulated coccidian oocysts at a dose of 1500 oocysts/ml of fecal solution were randomly assigned to 10, 15, 25, and 30% w/v crude gel infusion of both aloe species in 1% potassium dichromate solution while Amprolium and distilled water served as control groups. The results of this study show that 10, 15, 25, and 3 0% w/v gel infusions at the tested concentrations have anticoccidial activity as evidenced by their ability to decrease significantly (P<0.05) the sporulation of Eimeria oocysts relative to the control incubation. The efficacy of A. debrana was found significantly better (P<0.05) than A. pulcherrima at different concentrations. However, A. debrana at 30% concentration showed significantly higher (P<0.05) sporulation inhibition efficacy of 79.35% (CI: 75.99-83.21) compared to A. pulcherrima (69.17%, CI: 64.65-73.92) at similar concentration in relation to the control incubation, though this could not be compared to Amprolium which was more effective (P<0.05) with an inhibition percentage of 90.54% (CI: 89.16-92.21). This study has shown that there is potential for use of Aloe debrana leaf gel for the control of avian coccidiosis and as a chemotherapeutic, though much research is needed to determine absolute concentration which will make it comparable to commercially available drugs in terms of efficacy.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost and High-Efficiency Culture Medium for Bacteriocin Lac-B23 Production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Jianming Zhang ◽  
Yushan Bu ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
Huaxi Yi ◽  
Daqun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mrs Broth

At present, De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth is the medium of choice for promoting bacteriocin production. However, this medium is expensive and not applicable for large-scale production. Therefore, a low-cost and high-efficiency culture medium for bacteriocin Lac-B23 production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23 was developed. First, the effects of the composition of MRS broth on bacteriocin Lac-B23 production and bacterial growth were researched by a one variable at a time approach. Then, a Plackett-Burman design was used to screen significant components for production. Finally, the steepest ascent and central composite designs were used to obtain an optimum medium. The final composition of the modified MRS was much simpler than MRS broth, and the modified MRS contained only glucose, yeast extract, dipotassium phosphate, manganese sulfate monohydrate, Tween 80 and sodium acetate anhydrous. The highest bacteriocin Lac-B23 production reached 2560 activity units (AU)/mL in the modified MRS, which is nine times higher than that in MRS broth (280 AU/mL). Meanwhile, the cost per liter of the modified MRS (8.56 Ren Min Bi (RMB)/L) is 34.70% the cost of MRS broth (13.11 RMB/L), and the cost per arbitrary units of bacteriocin Lac-B23 in the modified MRS is approximately fourteen times more convenient (3.34 RMB/106 AU) than in the MRS broth (46.82 RMB/106 AU).

scholarly journals Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Rhesus Macaque (Macaca Mulatta Zimmermann, 1780) and Hanuman Langur (Semnopithecus Entellus Dufresne, 1797) In Devghat, Chitwan, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Pujan Prasad Adhikari ◽  
Pitambar Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Hanuman Langur ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Multiple Species

The present investigation was undertaken to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Rhesus Macaque and Hanuman Langur at Devghat, Chitwan. Altogether 93 fresh faecal samples were collected from Rhesus Macaque belonging to five troops and Hanuman Langur of two troops. About 10 gm of faecal material was collected in sterile vials with 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. These samples were examined microscopically by faecal concentration methods viz. floatation technique and sedimentation technique. Out of 93 samples, 69 (74.20%) were found positive for at least one parasite. Prevalence of helminth and protozoan parasites was 52.68% and 40.86% respectively. Altogether, 10 species of parasites including seven helminth and three protozoa were identified based on morphological characteristics of their eggs and cysts under light microscopy. The most commonly detected parasites were Balantidium coli (27.95%) followed by Eimeria sp. (16.12%), Entamoeba sp. (13.97%), Trichuris sp. (23.65%), Ascaris sp. (11.82%), Strongyloides sp. (10.75%), Oesophagostomum sp. (5.37%), Hookworm sp. (3.22%), Trichostrongylus sp. (3.22%) and Hymenolepis sp. (1.07%). Unidentified larvae of nematode which account for 6.45% of total samples were also recorded. Single, double, triple and multiple species of parasites were found in 36.55%, 29.03%, 6.45% and 2.15% samples respectively. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, Page: 12-18

scholarly journals A simple radioactive method for the photographic measurement of the integrated intensity of X-ray spectra

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (772) ◽  
pp. 640-657 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Photographic Plate ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Carbon Paper ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Integrated Intensity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order

In this paper will be given a preliminary account of a method by which the intensity distribution in X-ray crystal photographs may be estimated by means of a simple and inexpensive apparatus. In the usual photometric procedure the blackening of a photographic plate is estimated by finding the intensity of light transmitted through it. In the method to be described the photographic plate is replaced by a carbon print, and the light and light-sensitive cell by α -rays and a simple α -ray electroscope respectively. The obvious advantages of such a system are, of course, ease of construction and negligible cost; but, as will be seen below, there already appears promise of a much more weighty advantage, namely, that with suitable adjustment the apparatus may be made to integrate the X-ray intensity of a crystal reflection after the manner of the Bragg ionisation-spectrometer. Details are given below, but briefly the method is as follows. A carbon print is first made of the photographic negative . A carbon paper (or tissue, as it is called) consists merely of a pigmented film of gelatine sensitised with dilute aqueous potassium dichromate solution. On exposure to light such a film becomes insoluble, the depth of the insoluble layer after a given time being a measure of the intensity of the incident light. On development with warm water the remaining soluble portions are washed away, and there is left a film of thickness which varies according to the variation in blackness of the original negative. This insoluble film being very tough is readily detached, and, because it is so thin, its stopping-power for α -rays is just about of the right order. The variations in its thickness are thus very easily followed by aid of a few square millimetres of foil on which polonium has been deposited, a single slit, and the α -ray electroscope described by C. T. R. Wilson, which is usually figured in text-books. The latter can be constructed from an ordinary cigarette tin, and a simple tele-microscope with eyepiece scale.

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