Possible immunological damage to the tegument ofHymenolepis diminutain mice and rats

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Befus ◽  
L. T. Threadgold
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Abnormal Mitochondria ◽  
Worm Expulsion

Opaque or darkened areas (DA) of variable size and position occur onHymenolepis diminutain mice and rats. In mice DA normally first appear in the neck region of the worm but subsequently they appear elsewhere and increase in number until destrobilation or worm expulsion. The posterior of destrobilated worms is often darkened. In the more immunogenic infections with six cysticercoids there are more DA per worm than in infections with one cysticercoid. DA are areas of the tegument with a homogeneous increase in electron density; abnormal mitochondria; reduced granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and discoidal secretory bodies; and accumulation of lipid droplets. DA disappear from worms maintained for up to 4 h in Hanks' balanced salt solution and can be induced by mechanical damage to the worms.As the numbers of DA increase with the duration and intensity of infection and have similarities with types of cell injury, they are probably sites of worm pathology induced by host immunity.

scholarly journals Worm expulsion is independent of alterations in composition of the colonic bacteria that occur during experimental Hymenolepis diminuta-infection in mice

Gut Microbes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-510
Author(s):  
Adam Shute ◽  
Arthur Wang ◽  
Timothy S. Jayme ◽  
Marc Strous ◽  
Kathy D. McCoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Colonic Bacteria ◽  
Worm Expulsion

scholarly journals Selected Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Parasite–Host System Hymenolepis diminuta–Rattus norvegicus

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Kapczuk ◽  
Danuta Kosik-Bogacka ◽  
Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk ◽  
Izabela Gutowska ◽  
Patrycja Kupnicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Host Tissues

The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite of the small intestine of rodents (mainly mice and rats), and accidentally humans. It is classified as a non-invasive tapeworm due to the lack of hooks on the tapeworm’s scolex, which could cause mechanical damage to host tissues. However, many studies have shown that metabolites secreted by H. diminuta interfere with the functioning of the host’s gastrointestinal tract, causing an increase in salivary secretion, suppression of gastric acid secretion, and an increase in the trypsin activity in the duodenum chyme. Our work presents the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of a parasite-host interaction, including the influence on ion transport and host intestinal microflora, morphology and biochemical parameters of blood, secretion of antioxidant enzymes, expression of Toll-like receptors, mechanisms of immune response, as well as the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases. We emphasize the interrelations between the parasite and the host at the cellular level resulting from the direct impact of the parasite as well as host defense reactions that lead to changes in the host’s tissues and organs.

Rehydration methods to recover cysticercoids of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta from dry flour beetle carcasses

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M.-H. Chin ◽  
L.T. Luong ◽  
A.W. Shostak
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Flour Beetle ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Developmental

AbstractTerrestrial arthropods host a variety of helminth parasites, yet quantifying the intensity of infection in these hosts post-mortem is challenging because carcasses may desiccate quickly. We recovered cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta from desiccated flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) carcasses by modifying a published insect rehydration procedure. Without rehydration, carcasses dissected more than 1 day post-mortem had noticeable degradation of cysticercoids. Mild rehydration (soaking in water only for 2 days, or 0.5–10% KOH for 1 h followed by 1 day in water, or 0.5% KOH for 1 day) left carcasses tough and time-consuming to dissect, but all parasites could be recovered and were similar in body size to fresh cysticercoids. Moderate rehydration (5–10% KOH for 1 day) allowed all parasites to be recovered and facilitated dissection by partially dissolving internal organs of the beetle while causing little degradation of the cysticercoids. Harsh rehydration (5–10% KOH for 1 day followed by 5 days in water) not only dissolved internal beetle tissues but also severely damaged cysticercoids, such that parasite counts were unreliable. The degree of initial carcass desiccation had little effect on results following rehydration. However, regardless of treatment used, intact cercomers were rarely retained on rehydrated cysticercoids. Rehydration was less successful on early developmental stages of the parasite, which were recovered reliably only as they neared the cysticercoid stage. This method has utility for studies of parasite-induced mortality by permitting accurate and reliable parasite counts from dead, desiccated hosts.

Membrane fluidity on the surface of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda): immunological implications

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. TAYLOR ◽  
J. R. KUSEL ◽  
D. HOOLE
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Normal Rat

Regional differences of Hymenolepis diminuta to immune lysis have been investigated by monitoring surface membrane fluidity utilizing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Although the surface membrane of the newly excysted stage was completely immobile the molecular fluidity of the strobila membrane of 4-day-old parasites was greater than that associated with the scolex/neck region. Significant differences (P>0·001) occurred in the mobility of the strobila membrane of 4-day-old H. diminuta from 100-worm infections compared with 7- and 21-day-old parasites and 4-day-old individuals from 10-worm infections. Exposure to 50% normal rat serum and 1 mg/ml rat C reactive protein decreased or eliminated membrane fluidity. The significance of membrane mobility is discussed with reference to resistance to complement-mediated lysis and destrobilation.

scholarly journals Helminth communities and host-parasite relationships in argentine brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gomez Villafañe ◽  
M. Robles ◽  
M. Busch
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Syphacia Muris ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe aims of this research were: 1) to determine the helminth parasite fauna of seventy two Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) individuals inhabiting poultry farms in the Pampean region of Argentina; 2) to examine the relationship between parasitism and individual characteristics of the hosts, and 3) to analyze the associations among helminths. The study was carried out in twenty-four poultry farms from autumn 2000 to winter 2001. Nematodes were found in the intestine or caecum rectum of the 74 % of rats and cestodes were found along all the intestine of the 28 % of rats. Heterakis spumosa (Travassos 1914) was a central species, whereas Syphacia muris, Yamaguti 1941, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos 1914) and Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi 1819) were satellite species. Helminths do not affect rat survival and growth of rats. Rats parasitized with H. spumosa and H. diminuta were larger and older than non-parasitized rats. The intensity of infection with H. spumosa significantly increased with rat age. Rats parasitized with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Syphacia muris did not differ in size and age with respect to non-parasitized ones. The mean intensity of infections per host was 33.74, 74.28, higher than 200, and 3.10 for H. spumosa, S. muris, N. brasiliensis and H. diminuta, respectively. The mean intensity of infection with H. spumosa was higher in summer than in the other seasons, while the higher mean intensity of infection with N. brasiliensis and S. muris occurred in autumn. Infections with Heterakis spumosa and Syphacia muris, and with Syphacia muris and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were independent; while Heterakis spumosa and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were negatively associated.

Patterns of helminth infections in Rattus rattus and Mus musculus from two Mayan communities in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Panti-May ◽  
E.E. Palomo-Arjona ◽  
Y.M. Gurubel-González ◽  
R.C. Barrientos-Medina ◽  
M.C. Digiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Black Rat

Abstract The black rat Rattus rattus and the house mouse Mus musculus are two commensal rodent species that harbour and shed zoonotic pathogens, including helminths. The aim of this survey was to study the helminth community and the patterns of infections in R. rattus and M. musculus from two Mayan communities in Mexico. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 322 M. musculus and 124 R. rattus, including Gongylonema neoplasticum, Hassalstrongylus aduncus, Hassalstrongylus musculi, Hydatigera taeniaeformis metacestode, Hymenolepis diminuta, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp., Syphacia muris, Syphacia obvelata, Rodentolepis microstoma and Trichuris muris. The overall richness of helminths was seven in R. rattus and six in M. musculus. The results of generalized linear models showed that juvenile rodents had lower probabilities of being infected with G. neoplasticum, H. taeniaeformis and H. musculi than adult rodents. A positive association between the prevalence of S. muris and rat abundance was found. The intensity of infection with S. muris was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the opposite result was found for H. musculi infection. Male R. rattus harboured more S. muris specimens. The intensity of infection with T. muris was inversely associated with mouse abundance. The presence of the zoonotic H. diminuta, as well as H. taeniaeformis and R. microstoma in rodent populations indicates that there is risk of transmission, and that their entire life cycle occurs in the study area.

Neuromuscular physiology of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma (Cestoda)

Parasitology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Thompson ◽  
D. F. Mettrick
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Neuromuscular Systems ◽  
Ionic Changes ◽  
Chloride Salts

SUMMARYThe physiology of the neuromuscular systems in Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma was studied in vitro using intact, adult worm and strips of worm body wall. Intact worms were insensitive to ionic changes in the in vitro buffering system. However, strips of body wall containing longitudinal muscles were extremely sensitive to ionic manipulation. In intact worms tension generated in the strobila had two components; small brief tension peaks up to 500 mg amplitude are superimposed on larger, longer peaks of up to 1200 mg amplitude. Removal of the scolex and neck region either failed to show significant changes in tension, or showed a reduction in amplitude but not of frequency. Muscle contraction of both H. diminuta and H. microsoma were qualitatively similar. In split-worm preparations the concentration of Ca2+ in the bathing solution significantly affected both spontaneous and evoked contractions in H. diminuta and H. microstoma; the addition of CaCl2 greatly reduced the amplitude and frequency of the contractions. The chloride salts of cobalt, barium, cadmium and manganese elicited prolonged contractions of the longitudinal musculature of both H. diminuta and H. microstoma. While CoCl2 was the most effective in stimulating muscle contraction, the magnitude of the response varied with the concentration of Ca2+ in the bath. The results indicate that peripheral inhibition is extremely important in cestode motor control and that extracellular calcium ions may regulate the peripheral inhibitory mechanisms.

Hymenolepis diminuta: the role of the tail in determining the position of the worm in the intestine of the rat

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hopkins ◽  
L. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Duodenal Wall ◽  
No Tail

SUMMARYOne-worm infections ofHymenolepis diminutain rats had their strobila severed surgically, in the neck region, on day 14 of an infection. The scolex and remaining strobila survived but were recovered from a more posterior region of the intestine where small worms are attached during development. The movement to the new region was usually not complete in 24 h, but was complete by 72 h, and probably by 48 h. The operation, involving laparotomy and an incision in the duodenal wall which avoided severing the strobila, had no effect on the position of the worm but did depress the growth of the worm during the ensuing 24 h. It is suggested that (1) the preferred site forH. diminutais 30–50 % down the small intestine, (2) the worm monitors information about its position from all over its strobila and (3) as the worm grows, its position is determined by balancing the input of adverse information from its tail and head ends. The slowness with which surgically shortened worms return to the preferred site may be due either to delay in the worm ‘realising’ it has no tail, or to the location stimuli in the intestine being disturbed for 24 h by the operation.

Strongyloides ratti: transplantation of adults recovered from the small intestine at different days after infection into the colon of naive and infection-primed Wistar rats, and the effect of antioxidant treatment on large intestinal parasitism

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. SHINTOKU ◽  
H. TAKAGI ◽  
T. KADOSAKA ◽  
F. NAGAOKA ◽  
S. KONDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Antioxidant Treatment ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Intestinal Parasitism ◽  
Small Intestinal

SUMMARYStrongyloides ratti (Nagoya strain) is unique in that a portion of adults parasitizing the small intestine withstands ‘worm expulsion’, which starts at around day 8 post-infection (p.i.) by host immunity, and establishes in the large intestine after day 19 p.i. To investigate the mechanism, adults obtained from the small intestine at day 7 or 19 p.i. were transplanted into the colon of infection-primed immune rats. Adults obtained at day 7 p.i. were rejected quickly, whereas those obtained at day 19 p.i. could establish infection. Moreover, the body length and the number of intrauterine eggs increased in the large intestine. In a separate experiment, large intestinal parasitism was abolished by the treatment of host rats with an anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole. These results indicate that small intestinal adults between days 7 and 19 p.i. acquired the ability to parasitize the large intestine of immune rats, and that free radicals produced by the host may have played a significant role in the process.

Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy: Three New Cases and a Review of the Literature

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahig M. Shehata ◽  
Kathleen Patterson ◽  
Jean E. Thomas ◽  
Diane Scala-Barnett ◽  
Sarada Dasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Pathologic Findings ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Abnormal Mitochondria ◽  
In Infants And Children

Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy (HC), a rare arrhythmogenic disorder, presents as difficult-to-control arrhythmias or sudden death in infants and children, particularly girls. Three cases are described with autopsy findings. In two cases, yellow-tan nodules were grossly visible in the myocardium; in the third case, no gross lesions were identified. Microscopic examination in all three cases revealed multiple, scattered clusters of histiocytoid myocytes which on ultrastructural examination were filled with abnormal mitochondria, scattered lipid droplets, and scanty myofibrils. These pathologic findings are similar to those previously described. The pathogenesis of this entity remains controversial. It was recently proposed that this disorder is X-linked dominant with the associated gene located in the region of Xp22.

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