Association between circulating antigen and parasite load in a model filarial system, Acanthocheilonema viteae in jirds

Parasitology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Harnett ◽  
M. J. Worms ◽  
M. Grainger ◽  
S. D. M. Pyke ◽  
R. M. E. Parkhouse
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Antigen Level ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Acanthocheilonema Viteae ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
Detectable Antigen

SUMMARYJirds (Meriones libycus) were infected with various numbers of Acanthocheilonema viteae L3 stage parasites. During the course of the ensuing 16 weeks, blood samples were collected at 2 weekly intervals and the amount of the major parasite excretory–secretory product (E–S 62) and antibodies directed against it measured. After 16 weeks, animals were sacrificed and the size of the mature worm burden established. In spite of interaction between E–S 62 and host antibody, a statistically significant relationship was found to exist between the amount of E–S 62 present in the bloodstream and the size of the parasite load. It is suggested that the detectable antigen level is more influenced by the size of the worm burden than the presence of antibody and that antibody is only likely to affect adversely antigen measurement in situations where the amount released is relatively low. Examples of this are early in infection and in low-level infections. These ideas are discussed in relation to the development and assessment of serological assays which attempt to predict parasite burden in human filarial infections.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF IgM ANTIBODIES TO Schistosoma mansoni GUT-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS FOR THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS TRANSMISSION IN AN ENDEMIC AREA WITH LOW WORM BURDEN

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminia Y. KANAMURA ◽  
Luiz Candido S. DIAS ◽  
Carmem M. GLASSER ◽  
Rita Maria da SILVA ◽  
Rosa Maria J. PATUCCI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Immunofluorescence Test ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
A Prospective Study

For a period of 2 years, five follow-up measures of prevalence and incidence rates were estimated in a prospective study of S. mansoni infection in a group of schoolchildren who were living in a rural area of the Municipality of Itariri (São Paulo, Brazil), where schistosomiasis is transmitted by Biomphalaria tenagophila. Infection was determined by the examination of three Kato-Katz stool slides, and the parasitological findings were analyzed in comparison to serological data. In the five surveys, carried out at 6-month intervals (March-April and September-October), the prevalences were, respectively, 8.6, 6.8, 9.9, 5.8 and 17.2% by the Kato-Katz, and 56.5, 52.6, 60.8, 53.5 and 70.1% by the immunofluorescence test (IFT). Geometric mean egg counts were low: 57.8, 33.0, 35.6, 47.3 and 40.9 eggs per gram of feces, respectively. Of the total of 299 schoolchildren, who submitted five blood samples at 6-month intervals, one for each survey, 40% were IFT-positive throughout the study, and 22% were IFT-negative in all five surveys. Seroconversion from IFT negative to positive, indicating newly acquired S. mansoni infection, was observed more frequently in surveys carried out during March-April (after Summer holidays), than during September-October. Seasonal trends were not statistically significant for detection of S. mansoni eggs in stool. The results indicate that the use of IgM-IFT is superior to parasitological methods for detection of incidence of S. mansoni infection in areas with low worm burden.

scholarly journals Quantification of parasite burden of Trypanosoma cruzi and identification of Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) in blood samples of Latin American immigrants residing in Barcelona, Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e0008311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykon Tavares de Oliveira ◽  
Elena Sulleiro ◽  
Aroa Silgado Gimenez ◽  
Marta de Lana ◽  
Bianca Zingales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Latin American Immigrants

scholarly journals Immune Response and Microbiota Profiles during Coinfection with Plasmodium vivax and Soil-Transmitted Helminths

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice V. Easton ◽  
Mayra Raciny-Aleman ◽  
Victor Liu ◽  
Erica Ruan ◽  
Christian Marier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cytokine Levels

ABSTRACT The role of the gut microbiota during coinfection with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and Plasmodium spp. is poorly understood. We examined peripheral blood and fecal samples from 130 individuals who were either infected with Plasmodium vivax only, coinfected with P. vivax and STH, infected with STH alone, or not infected with either P. vivax or STH. In addition to a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood samples was performed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), fecal microbial communities were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and circulating cytokine levels were measured by bead-based immunoassays. Differences in blood cell counts, including an increased percentage of neutrophils, associated with a transcriptional signature of neutrophil activation, were driven primarily by P. vivax infection. P. vivax infection was also associated with increased levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10; these cytokine levels were not affected by STH coinfection. Surprisingly, P. vivax infection was more strongly associated with differences in the microbiota than STH infection. Children infected with only P. vivax exhibited elevated Bacteroides and reduced Prevotella and Clostridiaceae levels, but these differences were not observed in individuals coinfected with STH. We also observed that P. vivax parasitemia was higher in the STH-infected population. When we used machine learning to identify the most important predictors of the P. vivax parasite burden (among P. vivax-infected individuals), bacterial taxa were the strongest predictors of parasitemia. In contrast, circulating transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) was the strongest predictor of the Trichuris trichiura egg burden. This study provides unexpected evidence that the gut microbiota may have a stronger link with P. vivax than with STH infection. IMPORTANCE Plasmodium (malaria) and helminth parasite coinfections are frequent, and both infections can be affected by the host gut microbiota. However, the relationship between coinfection and the gut microbiota is unclear. By performing comprehensive analyses on blood/stool samples from 130 individuals in Colombia, we found that the gut microbiota may have a stronger relationship with the number of P. vivax (malaria) parasites than with the number of helminth parasites infecting a host. Microbiota analysis identified more predictors of the P. vivax parasite burden, whereas analysis of blood samples identified predictors of the helminth parasite burden. These results were unexpected, because we expected each parasite to be associated with greater differences in its biological niche (blood for P. vivax and the intestine for helminths). Instead, we find that bacterial taxa were the strongest predictors of P. vivax parasitemia levels, while circulating TGF-β levels were the strongest predictor of helminth parasite burdens.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection withSchistosoma mansoniin CCR5-Deficient Mice Is Associated with Increased Disease Severity, as CCR5 Plays a Role in Controlling Granulomatous Inflammation

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1741-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano L. S. Souza ◽  
Patrícia R. S. Souza ◽  
Cíntia A. Pereira ◽  
Adriana Fernandes ◽  
Rodrigo Guabiraba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Schistosomiasis Mansoni ◽  
Cc Chemokines ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACTThe plasma level of the chemokine CCL3 is elevated in patients with chronic severe schistosomiasis mansoni. We have previously shown that CCL3−/−mice with experimental infection showed diminished pathology and worm burden compared to those of wild-type (WT) mice. To elucidate further the role of CC chemokines during schistosomiasis mansoni infection, we evaluated the course of infection in C57BL/6J mice deficient in CCR5, one of the receptors for CCL3. The CCR5 deficiency proved to be remarkably deleterious to the host, since mortality rates reached 70% at 14 weeks postinfection in CCR5−/−mice and 19% in WT mice. The increased lethality was not associated with an increased parasite burden, since similar numbers of eggs and adult worms were found in mice from both groups. Liver granulomas of chronically infected CCR5−/−mice were larger and showed greater numbers of cells and collagen deposition than liver granulomas from WT mice. This was associated with higher levels of production of intereleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, CCL3, and CCL5 in infected CCR5−/−mice than in infected WT mice. Moreover, at 8 weeks after infection, just before changes in pathology and mortality, the numbers of FoxP3-positive cells were lower in liver granulomas of CCR5−/−mice than in WT mice. In conclusion, the CCR5 deletion is deleterious to mice infected withSchistosoma mansoni, and this is associated with enhanced fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation.

scholarly journals Effects of Haemonchus contortus infection on sodium status of sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-523
Author(s):  
Enrico Lippi Ortolani
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Worm Burden

Eight five-month-old male lambs received a diet with marginal levels of sodium (0.5 g Na/kg DM); four lambs were given a single dose of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae (4,600 L3/ head) and four were kept uninfected. The lambs were slaughtered 30 days after the infection. Sodium concentration was determined in the abomasal fluid at the slaughter. The balance between intake and faecal excretion of sodium was evaluated. Saliva was collected at days zero, 20 and 30 to determine the Na:K ratio. The mean total worm burden retrieved was 1390. The infection increased abomasal sodium concentration (p< 0.001) and reduced faecal sodium excretion (p<0.02), but there was not a significant relationship between worm burden and abomasal (p >0.082) or faecal sodium excretion (p>0.5). The higher the abomasum sodium concentration, the lower the faecal sodium excretion (p < 0.001). Apparent digestibility of sodium was similar between infected and uninfected. At the end of the experiment a slight decrease in the salivary Na:K ratio was observed, in animals of both groups, caused mostly by diet rather than the parasitism. It was concluded that although H. contortus infection increased the loss of sodium into the abomasum there was a greater compensatory intestinal absorption to prevent a significant change in the sodium status of sheep.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Spironolactone Treatment in Murine Models of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Viana Andrade-Neto ◽  
Juliana da Silva Pacheco ◽  
Job Domingos Inácio ◽  
Elmo Eduardo Almeida-Amaral ◽  
Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cutaneous Lesion ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Meglumine Antimoniate ◽  
Future Possibility

Translational studies involving the reuse and association of drugs are approaches that can result in higher success rates in the discovery and development of drugs for serious public health problems, including leishmaniasis. If we consider the number of pathogenic species in relation to therapeutic options, this arsenal is still small, and each drug possesses a disadvantage in terms of toxicity, efficacy, price, or treatment regimen. In the search for new drugs, we performed a drug screening of L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of fifty available drugs belonging to several classes according to their pharmacophoric group. Spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, proved to be the most promising drug candidate. After demonstrating the in vitro antileishmanial activity, we evaluated the efficacy on a murine experimental model with L. amazonensis and L. infantum. The treatment controlled the cutaneous lesion and reduced the parasite burden of L. amazonensis significantly, as effectively as meglumine antimoniate. The treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis was effective in reducing the parasite load on the main affected organs (spleen and liver) via high doses of spironolactone. The association between spironolactone and meglumine antimoniate promoted better control of the parasite load in the spleen and liver compared to the group treated with meglumine antimoniate alone. These results reveal a possible benefit of the concomitant use of spironolactone and meglumine antimoniate that should be studied more in depth for the future possibility of repositioning for leishmaniasis co-therapy.

scholarly journals Populasi Ascaridia galli Dalam Usus Halus Ayam Yang Diberikan Kombinasi Ekskretori/Sekretori L3 dan Imunoglobulin Yolk

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Darmawi Darmawi ◽  
Ummu Balqis ◽  
Risa Tiuria
Keyword(s):  
Worm Burden ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Group A ◽  
Intestinal Worm ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Ascaridia galli populations in intestine of chickens treated with combination of excretory/secretory L3 and immunoglobulin yolkABSTRACT. The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence of worm populations in intestine of chickens vaccinated and combined with egg yolk to experimental Ascaridia galli infection. Amount of 18 head chickens were devided into six groups (A – F). Group A, the chickens were not vaccinated. Group B, the chickens were vaccinated with excretory/secretory of A. galli L3. Group C, the chickens were vaccinated with excretory/secretory of A. galli L3, challenged with dose 1000 L2, and treated ten times with 0,875 mg egg yolk with an interval of one day intra orally. Group D, the chickens were vaccinated with excretory/secretory of A. galli L3 and challenged with dose 1000 L2. Group E, the chickens were challenged with dose 1000 L2 and treated ten times with 0,875 mg egg yolk with an interval of one day intra orally. Group E, the chickens were challenged with dose 1000 L2. Intestinal worm burdens of infected groups were recorded. The result showed that excretory/secretory of A. galli L3 combined with egg yolk decreased significantly A. galli survival in intestine of laying hens. Vaccinations were positively correlated with worm burden at 12 weeks after chalanged. The results suggest that A. galli L3 excretory/secretory product contain potential antigen and that antibody-mediated mechanisms contribute to immune protection.

scholarly journals Biological risk assessment of miltefosine in concomitant infection with opportunistic toxoplasmosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (06) ◽  
pp. 554-564
Author(s):  
Ashraf M Barakat ◽  
Amal E Saafan ◽  
Samuel T Melek ◽  
Tahany S Behour ◽  
Nehal M Khairy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
B1 Gene ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Daily Changes ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Introduction: Although miltefosine is the first line for treatment of leishmaniasis, it could have multiple un-recognized effects if any infection accidentally takes place during therapy. The aim is to precisely evaluate the molecular and biochemical remarks of miltefosine on Toxoplasma gondii accidental infection during miltefosine therapeutic course. Methodology: changes implied by miltefosine daily parenteral administration to Toxoplasma-infected mice, subcutaneously or intraperitoneal, have been investigated. Tumor necrosis factor-Alfa, immunoglobulin G and M, IL-12 and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) were measured in the animals’ sera post-miltefosine administration in addition to monitoring Tissue parasite load by measuring the daily changes of copy number of B1 gene using quantitative PCR technique (qPCR). Results: Miltefosine significantly increased inflammatory and immunological markers (TNF-α, IgG and IgM) measured on reference to control untreated group, with a significant increase in the parasite burden and distribution in all tested organs (F = 390.9, df = 9, P < 0.0001), (F = 4478.98, df = 4.75, P< 0.0001) and (F = 247.3, df = 4, P < 0.0001); heart, liver and lung, respectively, using MANOVA. Releasing capability of macrophages significantly increased during the first day of infection, however, it finally declined after seven consecutive doses of miltefosine (t = 7.96, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Miltefosine could not control the pathogenesis and multiplication of accidental Toxoplasma infection. Cumulative low parenteral daily doses of miltefosine (1.5 µM) could inversely affected the normal humoral immunity against toxoplasmosis. Therefore, a periodical screening for accidental Toxoplasma infection during the course of therapy is strongly recommended.

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