Existence of host-related DNA sequences in the schistosome genome

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Iwamura ◽  
Y. Irie ◽  
R. Kominami ◽  
T. Nara ◽  
K. Yasuraoka
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Extra Chromosome ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Dna Fingerprints ◽  
Alu Sequence ◽  
Type C ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Intracisternal A Particle

DNA sequences homologous to the mouse intracisternal A particle and endogenous type C retrovirus were detected in the DNAs ofSchistosoma japonicumadults andS. mansonieggs. Furthermore, other kinds of repetitive sequences in the host genome such as mouse type 1 Alu sequence (B1), mouse type 2 Alu sequence (B2) and mo-2 sequence, a mouse mini-satellite, were also detected in the DNAs from adults and eggs ofS. japonicumand eggs ofS. mansoni. Almost all of the sequences described above were absent in the DNAs ofS. mansoniadults. The DNA fingerprints of schistosomes, using the mo-2 sequence, were indistinguishable from each other and resembled those of their murine hosts. Moreover, the mo-2 sequence was hypermethylated in the DNAs of schistosomes and its amount was variable in them. These facts indicate that host-related sequences are actually present in schistosomes and that the mo-2 repetitive sequence exists probably in extra-chromosome.

Localization of mouse type 2 Alu sequence in schistosomes

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. IMASE ◽  
T. KUMAGAI ◽  
H. OHMAE ◽  
Y. IRIE ◽  
Y. IWAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Mouse Genome ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Alu Sequence ◽  
Vitelline Cells ◽  
Highly Repetitive Dna ◽  
Hybridization Band ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Localization of the type 2 Alu sequence (B2), a highly repetitive DNA sequence in the mouse genome, was examined by in situ polymerase chain reaction (in situ PCR) in schistosomes. The signals to the B2 sequence were detected in the cytoplasm of the tegumental membrane and in the nuclei of the mesenchymal, testicular, ovarian and vitelline cells of 8- week Schistosoma japonicum. In contrast, it was difficult to detect any signals of this sequence in 8-week S. mansoni, whereas in 24-week male S. mansoni the signals were observed in the cytoplasm of the tegumental tubercles and in the nuclei of the mesenchymal and testicular cells. On the other hand, in 24-week female S. mansoni the signals were found in the nuclei of the mesenchymal, ovarian and vitelline cells but not found in the tegument. On the contrary, no hybridization band of the B2 sequence was detected in the amplified DNA of 3-week schistosomula of either species. These observations proved that the host DNA sequences existed in restricted schistosome cells and were accumulated in the schistosome body during their development.

Secondary Narcolepsy in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Riya Madan ◽  
Jennifer Pitts ◽  
Marc C. Patterson ◽  
Robin Lloyd ◽  
Gesina Keating ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Neurologic Disorder ◽  
Excessive Sleepiness ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Type C ◽  
Niemann Pick ◽  
Multiple Sleep Latency

Secondary narcolepsy occurs as a consequence of lesions involving the hypothalamic region that subserve wakefulness. Although observations on the characteristics of secondary narcolepsy have been published in adults, information on this topic in children is sparse. This is a retrospective study of characteristics and outcome of secondary narcolepsy in children. The medical records of 10 children with this condition at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, were reviewed. Characteristics of the underlying neurologic disorder, narcolepsy subtype, multiple sleep latency tests, medications used and outcome were extracted. Age at diagnosis of narcolepsy was between 6 and 17 years. Five of 10 patients had onset of excessive sleepiness within 1 year of diagnosis of the primary neurologic disorder. Six of 10 patients had type 1 narcolepsy (with cataplexy) whereas 4/10 had type 2 (without cataplexy). The clinical course was variable, with 8/10 continuing to require treatment for sleepiness at a mean period 6.6±6.2 years after diagnosis. One patient with narcolepsy type 1 due to Niemann Pick type C disease had died. One patient with narcolepsy type 2 due to craniopharyngioma had spontaneous remission of sleepiness. The 5/10 patients surviving with narcolepsy type 1 have continued to require pharmacotherapy for both sleepiness and cataplexy. This study draws attention to an important chronic sequel of childhood brain lesions that has variable, etiology-specific outcome. The rare occurrence of spontaneous resolution of childhood narcolepsy symptoms, not previously described, is also discussed.

Progressive metabolite changes in individual human muscle fibers with increasing work rates

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. C630-C639 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ivy ◽  
M. M. Chi ◽  
C. S. Hintz ◽  
W. M. Sherman ◽  
R. P. Hellendall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Fast Twitch

Muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis muscles of four volunteers exercising at increasing work rates on a bicycle ergometer. Samples were taken at rest (t1), after a work load 23% below the blood lactate threshold (t2), 23% above this threshold (t3), and at exhaustion (t4). Individual muscle fibers were typed by their lactate dehydrogenase and adenylokinase levels and assayed for lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, and malate, (which preliminary data indicated to be the most responsive to increased activity) as well as ATP and phosphocreatine. The results in three of the four cases indicated that by the time of the t2 sample, almost all fibers, regardless of type, had been recruited. Additionally, there were no major differences in lactate concentration between type 1 and 2 fibers from muscle samples taken at t1, t2, and t3. It is concluded that in a muscle with fast-twitch glycolytic and slow-twitch oxidative fibers, all fibers share in the contraction to a substantial degree, even at moderate work loads, and that both the type 1 and 2 fibers contribute significantly to the initial rise in blood lactate during a graded exercise task. Metabolite responses in type 2 fibers differed in certain respects among the four participants. This is attributed to differences in their training backgrounds and consequent differences in type 2 fiber oxidative enzyme levels.

Effects of Three- or Four-Cortex Syndesmotic Fixation in Ankle Fractures

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 457-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Karapinar ◽  
Onder Kalenderer ◽  
Levent Karapinar ◽  
Taskin Altay ◽  
Metin Manisali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Results ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Routine Procedure ◽  
Plain Radiographs ◽  
Weber Type ◽  
Type C ◽  
Type 3

Background: There is no study comparing how Weber type C ankle fractures treated with either three- or four-cortex syndesmotic fixation affects the structure of the syndesmosis. Methods: In a retrospective study, 46 patients were separated into two groups: 22 patients with three-cortex fixation and 24 patients with four-cortex fixation. All of the patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at least 1 year after removal of the syndesmosis screws. Results: There were three types of joint space obliteration: type 1, synostosis on plain radiographs; type 2, an incomplete bony bridge on magnetic resonance imaging with normal plain radiographs; and type 3, fibrous obliteration of the joint space. Although obliteration of the joint space was significant (P < .005) after four-cortex fixation, radiologic results did not affect the clinical outcome. Conclusion: Four-cortex fixation for diastasis after an ankle fracture should not be a routine procedure. We advocate three-cortex fixation because the clinical results are no different and there is less syndesmotic space obliteration postoperatively. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 97(6): 457–459, 2007)

scholarly journals Crista Terminalis, Musculi Pectinati, and Taenia Sagittalis: Anatomical Observations and Applied Significance

ISRN Anatomy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Abu Ubaida Siddiqui ◽  
Syed Rehan Hafiz Daimi ◽  
Kusum Rajendra Gandhi ◽  
Abu Talha Siddiqui ◽  
Soumitra Trivedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Atrium ◽  
Cardiac Conduction ◽  
Type B ◽  
Crista Terminalis ◽  
Type C ◽  
The Right ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
Complex Arrangement

Background. The complex architecture of the right atrium, crista terminalis (CT), and the musculi pectinati (MP) poses enormous challenges in electrophysiology and cardiac conduction. Few studies have been undertaken to substantiate the gross features of MP, in relation to the CT, but there is still scarcity of data regarding this. We tried to reinvestigate the gross arrangement of muscle bundles in the right atrium. Methods. Utilizing 151 human hearts and orientation of MP and its variations and relationship to the CT were investigated along with taenia sagittalis (TS). Patterns of MP were grouped in 6 categories and TS under three groups. Result. A plethora of variations were observed. Analysis of all the specimen revealed that 68 samples (45%) were of type 1 category and 27 (18%) fell into type 2 category. Prominent muscular columns were reported in 12 samples (8%). 83 samples (55%) presented with a single trunk of TS. Multiple trunks of TS were reported in 38 samples (25%). Conclusion. Samples with type 6 MP and type B/type C TS, which have a more complex arrangement of fibers, have a tendency to be damaged during cardiac catheterization. Nonetheless, the area as a whole is extremely significant considering the pragmatic application during various cardiac interventions.

Desmopressin parenteral bei VWD 1, VWD 2A und Thrombozytopathie

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S29-S33 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pollmann ◽  
B. Siegmund
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Disease Type ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Occlusion Time ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Ristocetin Cofactor

SummaryDesmopressin (DDAVP, Minirin® parenteral), which induces the release of von-Willebrand factor from endogenous stores, is indicated in von Willebrand disease type 1 (VWD 1). In the present study effectiveness of DDAVP was tested and side effects were recorded in patients with VWD 1, von Willebrand disease type 2 (VWD 2) or thrombocytopathy (TCP). Patients, methods Subjects were analysed prior to and after Minirin parenteral infusion (0.4 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) over 60 minutes) for partial thromboplastin time (PTT, seconds), ADP/epinephrine triggered plateletfunction analyzer (PFA-100) occlusion time (seconds), factor VIII activity (FVIII, %), VWF as ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo, %) and VWF antigen (VWF:Ag, %). Side effects of DDAVP during operative interventions were recorded per questionnaires by the patients. Results The mean ± standard deviation dose (n = 165 patients) of Minirin parenteral administered was 0.37 ± 0.02 μg/kg b.w., most often upcoming dental operations (57%) necessitated testing. Coagulation parameters of patients with VWD 1 or TCP normalised in almost all patients, but only in approximately 50% of patients with VWD 2 respectively. Appraisal of effectiveness of Minirin parenteral as good was 96% in case of VWD 1 and 95 % in case of TCP. During minor surgeries (n = 23) in 91% of the patients no complications and in 2 patients (9%) postoperative haemorrhages without need for further interventions occurred, but 83% of the patients reported adverse reactions in the questionnaires, although Minirin parenteral was well tolerated by all patients during DDAVP efficacy tests. Conclusion Desmopressin is well tolerated and affective in patients with VWD 1 and thrombocytopathy.

scholarly journals Predictors of Early Retinal Changes in Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
V. S. Kulybysheva ◽  
I. A. Ronzina ◽  
A. A. Gamidov ◽  
V. G. Motalov ◽  
V. N. Nikolenko
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Almost All

Purpose. Determining the functional state of the outer and inner retina’s layers in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and 2 before the clinical manifestations and in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using the methods of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and microperimetry (MP).Patients and methods. 91 patients were examined (182 eyes). The patients were divided into 4 groups: 1st — 23 people (46 eyes) with diabetes without DR (the duration of the disease is up to 2 years); 2nd — 22 people (44 eyes) with diabetes without DR (diabetes from 2 to 8 years); 3rd — 24 people (48 eyes) with NPDR on the background of diabetes; 4th — 22 people (44 eyes) of the control group (healthy eyes). In addition to the standard ophthalmologic examination, all patients were registered mfERG (FOK1) on the diagnostic equipment EP-1000 Multifocal (Tomey, Germany) and carried out MP using the device “MAIA” (CenterVue, Italy).Results. According to mfERG, it has been established that the components of mfERG, the biopotential density and the amplitude of P1, are most sensitive to diabetic changes. In groups with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is a significant decrease in the density of P1 in comparison with the control group (p < 0.005, Mann-Whitney test), as well as a decrease in the amplitude of P1 on almost all tested rings (p < 0.005). In all groups, there is an increase in the latency of P1 in the central ring (0–2.3°). According to MP data, it was found that patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed a decrease in the average light sensitivity in comparison with the control group, however, our data are within the reference values, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical manifestations of PD.Conclusion. As a result of the study, early functional and morphological disorders of the neurosensory apparatus of the eye in diabetes were identified. It is proved that mfER and MP allow to detect violations at the preclinical stage of DR and are necessary studies for the dynamic control of the progression of DR.

scholarly journals Risk of infection in diabetes before and during COVID-19: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Adinolfi, V.
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

The risk of almost all types of infection is increased both in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Notably, infections are one of the most important cause of hospitalization and death in diabetes and the risk is increased in patients with poor glycemic control. SARS-CoV2 pandemic stressed this association, since diabetic patients showed a particularly high risk of worse outcomes. This review analyzes the association of diabetes and different infections, underlining how the risk of worse outcomes was present both before and during SARS-CoV2 pandemic. KEY WORDS COVID-19; infection; diabetes; immunology; susceptibility.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT, PERSISTENCE, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TYPE 2, POLIOMYELITIS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY IN MAN

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Casals ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Albert B. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Type 3

Sera from 81 patients with a diagnosis of paralytic or non-paralytic poliomyelitis, and from 159 individuals of similar age groups giving no history of the disease, were tested with a high titered, complement-fixing poliomyelitis antigen of Type 2 (Lansing-like). The antigen consisted of brain tissue from newborn mice injected with the MEF1 strain of virus as previously adapted to these animals. The presence or absence of Type 2 neutralizing antibody in the sera under test was found not to affect the complement fixation. Positive reactions were obtained with 57 per cent of the sera deriving from non-paralytic patients and in 70 per cent from paralytics, when the specimens were tested at a dilution of 1:16. The complement-fixing antibody was often present in highest titer as early as 24 hours after the onset of poliomyelitis, and in almost all instances within 7 days. In about half of the patients a 4-fold or greater drop in titer occurred within 3 months, with little or no change in the others. The incidence of titers of 1:16 or higher with the control sera varied with the season of the year at which they were procured, 3 per cent of the winter samples proving positive and 13 per cent of the summer. The tests of sera from the group of patients from whom poliomyelitis virus was recovered, disclosed no significant differences between those having the paralytic and those having the non-paralytic disease. Type 1 (Brunhilde-like) strains of virus were recovered from many of the patients yielding positive tests, although they presented no evidence of previous or concurrent infection with Type 2 virus. This finding shows that Type 1 virus can give rise in patients to Type 2 complement-fixing antibody. The application of these data to the serologic diagnosis of poliomyelitis infection in man will of necessity be limited until information is obtained on the development, persistence, and significance of complement-fixation reactions with antigens deriving from Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis strains.

scholarly journals Extensive Polymorphism in Cryptosporidium parvumIdentified by Multilocus Microsatellite Analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3344-3349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochuan Feng ◽  
Stephen M. Rich ◽  
Donna Akiyoshi ◽  
James K. Tumwine ◽  
Addy Kekitiinwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Microsatellite Analysis ◽  
Significant Length ◽  
Multilocus Fingerprint ◽  
Parasite Populations

ABSTRACT Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequence analysis discern two main types of Cryptosporidium parvum. We present a survey of length polymorphism at several microsatellite loci for type 1 and type 2 isolates. A total of 14 microsatellite loci were identified from C. parvum DNA sequences deposited in public databases. All repeats were mono-, di-, and trinucleotide repeats of A, AT, and AAT, reflecting the high AT content of the C. parvum genome. Several of these loci showed significant length polymorphism, with as many as seven alleles identified for a single locus. Differences between alleles ranged from 1 to 27 bp. Karyotype analysis using probes flanking three microsatellites localized each marker to an individual chromosomal band, suggesting that these markers are single copy. In a sample of 19 isolates for which at least three microsatellites were typed, a majority of isolates displayed a unique multilocus fingerprint. Microsatellite analysis of isolates passaged between different host species identified genotypic changes consistent with changes in parasite populations.

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