scholarly journals No effect of a parasite on reproduction in stickleback males: a laboratory artefact?

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. CANDOLIN ◽  
H.-R. VOIGT
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Nuptial Coloration ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Host Parasite

Experiments are often carried out in the laboratory under artificial conditions. Although this can control for confounding factors, it may eliminate important factors that under natural conditions mediate the interaction under investigation. Here, we show that different results can be gained in the field and in the laboratory regarding host–parasite interaction. In the field, courting three-spined stickleback males, Gasterosteus aculeatus, were less often infected with plerocercoids of a cestode tapeworm, Schistocephalus solidus, than shoaling males. However, when a random sample of males was allowed to nest and court females in individual aquaria in the laboratory, both uninfected and infected males built nests and courted females. Moreover, while the few infected males that courted females in the field expressed less red nuptial coloration than uninfected courting males, there was no difference in redness between infected and uninfected males in the laboratory. We argue that the different results gained in the field and in the laboratory are due to differences in the cost of reproduction, due to differences in the resource pool of the males. The favourable conditions in the laboratory exclude factors such as predation risk, social interactions, and fluctuating environmental conditions that may use up resources in the field and mediate the effect of the parasite.

scholarly journals The three-spined stickleback-Schistocephalus solidussystem: an experimental model for investigating host-parasite interactions in fish

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. BARBER ◽  
J. P. SCHARSACK
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Behaviour

SUMMARYPlerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodeSchistocephalus solidusinfect the three-spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus, with important consequences for the biology of host fish. Techniques for culturing the parasitein vitroand generating infective stages that can be used to infect sticklebacks experimentally have been developed, and the system is increasingly used as a laboratory model for investigating aspects of host-parasite interactions. Recent experimental laboratory studies have focused on the immune responses of hosts to infection, the consequences of infection for the growth and reproductive development of host fish and the effects of infection on host behaviour. Here we introduce the host and the parasite, review the major findings of these recent experimental infection studies and identify further aspects of host parasite interactions that might be investigated using the system.

Estimating effective population size for a cestode parasite infecting three-spined sticklebacks

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (07) ◽  
pp. 883-896
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Strobel ◽  
Sara J. Hays ◽  
Kristine N. Moody ◽  
Michael J. Blum ◽  
David C. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cestode Parasite ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractRemarkably few attempts have been made to estimate contemporary effective population size (Ne) for parasitic species, despite the valuable perspectives it can offer on the tempo and pace of parasite evolution as well as coevolutionary dynamics of host–parasite interactions. In this study, we utilized multi-locus microsatellite data to derive single-sample and temporal estimates of contemporaryNefor a cestode parasite (Schistocephalus solidus) as well as three-spined stickleback hosts (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in lakes across Alaska. Consistent with prior studies, both approaches recovered small and highly variable estimates of parasite and hostNe. We also found that estimates of hostNeand parasiteNewere sensitive to assumptions about population genetic structure and connectivity. And, while prior work on the stickleback–cestode system indicates that physiographic factors external to stickleback hosts largely govern genetic variation inS. solidus, our findings indicate that stickleback host attributes and factors internal to the host – namely body length, genetic diversity and infection – shape contemporaryNeof cestode parasites.

Virulence of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus and reproduction in infected threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1967-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Heins ◽  
Scarlet S Singer ◽  
John A Baker
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
South Central ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

We investigated the relationship between reproduction in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and parasitism by plerocercoids of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus in Walby Lake, Alaska, by quantifying stickleback reproduction and parasite infection using 1655 fish from four samples collected in 1990-1996. Stickleback in Walby Lake largely spawned during May and June as 2-year-olds in the second spring-summer after hatching, as was the case with other stickleback populations we studied in south-central Alaska. Contrary to an earlier hypothesis that S. solidus has been selected to delay its deleterious effects on threespine stickleback, i.e., limit its infection levels, until after the stickleback have reproduced, substantial levels of parasitic infection co-occurred with the stickleback reproductive period. Chi-squared analyses of individual samples suggested that in May, infected females were as capable of producing clutches of eggs as uninfected females but in June, S. solidus inhibited clutch production. An overall analysis, however, failed to support the hypothesis that the effect of S. solidus on clutch production differed between early and late periods of the spawning season. We concluded that S. solidus inhibits the ability of female stickleback in Walby Lake to produce a clutch, and that there was no differential effect on clutch production with season. Nonetheless, 77% of all infected females produced clutches. These results contrast with those of one study in which it was found only 9% of infected females became gravid (ripe) and another report that 23% of infected females were able to mature. We offer hypotheses for the co-occurrence of stickleback reproduction and substantial parasitism at the population level and for the ability of a large proportion of infected females to produce clutches. Our results suggest that the host-parasite relationship is more complex than was previously realized.

Some effects of the cestode (Schistocephalus solidus) on reproduction in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): evolutionary aspects of a host–parasite interaction

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. McPhail ◽  
S. D. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects ◽  
Sexually Mature

Monthly samples of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were collected from May through September 1975 from Fuller Lake, Vancouver Island. A total of 2175 adult sticklebacks were collected from 10 trap sites located at depths ranging from 0.25 to 5 m. These samples were assayed for length, weight, sex, state of maturity, and egg number (when applicable). In addition, we recorded the number and weight of the plerocercoids of a cestode tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus) often found in the abdominal cavities of sticklebacks. The purpose of the study was to document the effects of Schistocephalus on reproduction in Gasterosteus. Stickleback spawning reached a peak in June and declined sharply through July and August. Over the entire breeding season, less than 5% of the gravid females were infected with Schistocephalus, whereas over 40% of the sexually mature but nongravid females were infected. There was no difference between breeding and nonbreeding males in the prevalence of Schistocephalus. In both sexes, the prevalence and severity of Schistocephalus infection were low in May, June, and July but increased sharply through August and September. Since the majority of Fuller Lake sticklebacks live for 1 year, the major adverse effects of Schistocephalus were confined to postreproductive adults. We hypothesize that Schistocephalus plerocercoids have been selected to delay adverse effects on their host until after the host has reproduced.

scholarly journals The secretome of a parasite alters its host’s behaviour but does not recapitulate the behavioural response to infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Suzanne Berger ◽  
Nadia Aubin-Horth
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Allopatric Population ◽  
Late Infection ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Host Parasite

ABSTRACTParasites with complex life cycles have been proposed to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts to increase the probability of reaching their final host. The cause of these drastic behavioural changes could be manipulation factors released by the parasite in its environment (the secretome), but this has rarely been assessed. We studied a non-cerebral parasite, the cestode Schistocephalus solidus, and its intermediate host, the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), whose response to danger becomes significantly diminished when infected. These altered behaviours appear only during late infection, when the worm is ready to reproduce in its final avian host. Sympatric host-parasite pairs show higher infection success for parasites, suggesting that the secretome effects could differ for allopatric host-parasite pairs with independent evolutionary histories. We tested the effects of secretome exposure on behaviour by using secretions from the early and late infection of S. solidus and by injecting them in healthy sticklebacks from a sympatric and allopatric population. Contrary to our prediction, secretome from late infection worms did not result in more risky behaviours, but secretome from early infection resulted in more cautious hosts, only in fish from the allopatric population. Our results suggest that the secretome of Schistocephalus solidus contains molecules that can affect host behaviour, that the causes underlying the behavioural changes in infected sticklebacks are multifactorial, and that local adaptation between host-parasite pairs may extend to the response to the parasite’s secretome content.

scholarly journals Oxygen consumption rate in Gasterosteus aculeatus-Schistocephalus solidus system from a non-migratory naturally infected population

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarallo Andrea ◽  
D’Onofrio Giuseppe ◽  
Agnisola Claudio
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Migratory Population ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe three spine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus is a specific obligatory intermediate host for the cestode worm Schistocephalus solidus. This system is commonly used to investigate the host-parasite interaction in fishes. Despite the interesting attempts which have been made to quantify the impact of the parasite over the respiration rate of the host fish, none of the previous reports took in consideration that stickleback is diversified in different ecotypes according to its ability to made reproductive migration, from and to the sea. Here the oxygen consumption rate in specimens of three-spine stickleback collected from a non-migratory population was quantified with the aim to test if the S. solidus infection drives a change in the oxygen consumption level of the host fish. The results showed that the infected fishes have a higher rate of oxygen consumption compared with the uninfected one. The differences were due to a direct effect of the parasite, not merely to its contribution to the whole oxygen consumption rate. The data were compared with previous reports, showing that the non-migratory population was characterized by a different level of oxygen consumption rate. The differences were interpreted in terms of divergence in physiological adaptations which had to be appeared in different populations.

Human-induced eutrophication maintains high parasite prevalence in breeding threespine stickleback populations

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE BUDRIA ◽  
ULRIKA CANDOLIN
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
High Parasite

SUMMARYAnthropogenic activities are having profound impacts on species interactions, with further consequences for populations and communities. We investigated the influence that anthropogenic eutrophication has on the prevalence of the parasitic tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus in threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus populations. We caught stickleback from four areas along the coast of Finland, and within each area from one undisturbed and one eutrophied habitat. We found the prevalence of the parasite to be lower in the eutrophied habitats at the start of the breeding season, probably because of fewer piscivorous birds that transmit the parasite. However, while the prevalence of the parasite declined across the season in the undisturbed habitat, it did less so in eutrophied habitats. We discuss different processes that could be behind the differences, such as lower predation rate on infected fish, higher food availability and less dispersal in eutrophied habitats. We found no effect of eutrophication on the proportion of infected stickleback that entered reproductive condition. Together with earlier findings, this suggests that eutrophication increases the proportion of infected stickleback that reproduce. This could promote the evolution of less parasite resistant populations, with potential consequences for the viability of the interacting parties of the host–parasite system.

Analysis of Overweight Truck Permit Policy in New Jersey

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110266
Author(s):  
Sami Demiroluk ◽  
Hani Nassif ◽  
Kaan Ozbay ◽  
Chaekuk Na
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Vehicle Route ◽  
Heavy Trucks ◽  
Maintenance And Rehabilitation ◽  
The Cost

The roadway infrastructure constantly deteriorates because of environmental conditions, but other factors such as exposure to heavy trucks exacerbates the rate of deterioration. Therefore, decision-makers are constantly searching for ways to optimize allocation of the limited funds for repair, maintenance, and rehabilitation of New Jersey’s infrastructure. New Jersey legislation requires operators of overweight (OW) trucks to obtain a permit to use the infrastructure. The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) issues a variety of permits based on the types of goods carried. These permits allow OW trucks to use the infrastructure either for a single trip or for multiple trips. Therefore, one major concern is whether the permit revenue of the agency can recoup the actual cost of damage to the infrastructure caused by these OW trucks. This study investigates whether NJDOT’s current permit fee program can collect enough revenue to meet the actual cost of damage to the infrastructure caused by these heavy-weight permit trucks. The infrastructure damage is estimated by using pavement and bridge deterioration models and New Jersey permit data from 2013 to 2018 containing vehicle configuration and vehicle route. The analysis indicates that although the cost of infrastructure damage can be recovered for certain permit types, there is room for improvement in the permit program. Moreover, based on permit rules in other states, the overall rank of the New Jersey permit program is evaluated and possible revisions are recommended for future permit policies.

Host mortality and variability in epizootics of Schistocephalus solidus infecting the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
pp. 1681-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. HEINS ◽  
E. L. BIRDEN ◽  
J. A. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Host Behaviour

SUMMARYAn analysis of the metrics of Schistocephalus solidus infection of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, in Walby Lake, Alaska, showed that an epizootic ended between 1996 and 1998 and another occurred between 1998 and 2003. The end of the first epizootic was associated with a crash in population size of the stickleback, which serves as the second intermediate host. The likely cause of the end of that epizootic is mass mortality of host fish over winter in 1996–1997. The deleterious impact of the parasite on host reproduction and increased host predation associated with parasitic manipulation of host behaviour and morphology to facilitate transmission might also have played a role, along with unknown environmental factors acting on heavily infected fish or fish in poor condition. The second epizootic was linked to relatively high levels of prevalence and mean intensity of infection, but parasite:host mass ratios were quite low at the peak and there were no apparent mass deaths of the host. A number of abiotic and biotic factors are likely to interact to contribute to the occurrence of epizootics in S. solidus, which appear to be unstable and variable. Epizootics appear to depend on particular and, at times, rare sets of circumstances.

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