Pathology of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in two model avian hosts

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Barbora Fecková ◽  
Priyanka Djoehana ◽  
Barbora Putnová ◽  
Michaela Valašťanová ◽  
Michaela Petríková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Natural Pest Control

Abstract Angiostrongylus cantonensis causes severe neurological disorders in a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including several avian species. A laboratory isolate of A. cantonensis originating from French Polynesia, genotyped as clade 2, was used to assess the effect of experimental infection in chicken and Japanese quail. Low dose groups of birds were infected orally by 100 L3 larvae, high dose groups by 1500 L3 larvae and the birds in the third group were fed three infected snails, mimicking a natural infection. Clinical signs during the first week after infection, haematology, biochemistry, gross lesions and histology findings were used to assess the pathology of the infection. Some of the infected birds showed peripheral eosinophilia, while mild neurological signs were seen in others. No larvae were observed in serial sections of the central nervous system of infected birds 1 week after infection and no major gross lesions were observed during necropsy; histopathology did not reveal lesions directly attributable to A. cantonensis infection. Our results suggest that galliform birds are not highly susceptible to A. cantonensis infection and open a question of the importance of Galliformes in endemic areas as natural pest control, lowering the number of hosts carrying the infective larvae.

Intensive Initial Oral Anticoagulation and Shorter Heparin Treatment in Deep Vein Thrombosis

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Schulman ◽  
Dieter Lockner ◽  
Kurt Bergström ◽  
Margareta Blombäck
Keyword(s):  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Oral Anticoagulation ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Heparin Treatment ◽  
Deep Vein

SummaryIn order to investigate whether a more intensive initial oral anticoagulation still would be safe and effective, we performed a prospective randomized study in patients with deep vein thrombosis. They received either the conventional regimen of oral anticoagulation (“low-dose”) and heparin or a more intense oral anticoagulation (“high-dose”) with a shorter period of heparin treatment.In the first part of the study 129 patients were randomized. The “low-dose” group reached a stable therapeutic prothrombin complex (PT)-level after 4.3 and the “high-dose” group after 3.3 days. Heparin was discontinued after 6.0 and 5.0 days respectively. There was no difference in significant hemorrhage between the groups, and no clinical signs of progression of the thrombosis.In the second part of the study another 40 patients were randomized, followed with coagulation factor II, VII, IX and X and with repeated venograms. A stable therapeutic PT-level was achieved after 4.4 (“low-dose”) and 3.7 (“high-dose”) days, and heparin was discontinued after 5.4 and 4.4 days respectively. There were no clinical hemorrhages, the activity of the coagulation factors had dropped to the same level in both groups at the time when heparin was discontinued and no thromboembolic complications occurred.Our oral anticoagulation regimen with heparin treatment for an average of 4.4-5 days seems safe and reduces in-patient costs.

Extended-release Buprenorphine, an FDAindexed Analgesic, Attenuates Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eden D Alamaw ◽  
Benjamin D Franco ◽  
Katechan Jampachaisri ◽  
Monika K Huss ◽  
Cholawat Pacharinsak
Keyword(s):  
Extended Release ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Mechanical Hypersensitivity ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Incisional Pain ◽  
Thermal Hypersensitivity

A new extended-release buprenorphine (XR), an FDA-indexed analgesic, has recently become available to the laboratoryanimal community. However, the effectiveness and dosing of XR has not been extensively evaluated for rats. We investigatedXR’s effectiveness in attenuating postoperative hypersensitivity in a rat incisional pain model. We hypothesized that highdose of XR would attenuate mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity more effectively than the low dose of XR in this model. We performed 2 experiments. In experiment 1, male adult Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 31) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups: 1) saline (saline, 0.9% NaCl, 5 mL/kg, SC, once); 2) sustained-release buprenorphine (Bup-SR; 1.2 mg/kg, SC, once), 3) low-dose extended-release buprenorphine (XR-Lo; 0.65 mg/kg, SC, once), and 4) high-dose extended-releasebuprenorphine (XR-Hi; 1.3 mg/kg, SC, once). After drug administration, a 1 cm skin incision was made on the plantar hind paw under anesthesia. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were evaluated 1 d before surgery (D-1), 4 h after surgery (D0), and for 3 d after surgery (D1, D2, and D3). In experiment 2, plasma buprenorphine concentration (n = 39) was measured at D0, D1, D2, and D3. Clinical observations were recorded daily, and a gross necropsy was performed on D3. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were measured for 3 d (D0-D3) in the saline group. Bup-SR, XR-Lo, and XR-Hi effectively attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for D0-D3. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations remained above 1 ng/mL on D0 and D1 in all treatment groups. No abnormal clinical signs were noted, but injection site reactions were evident in the Bup-SR (71%), XR-Lo (75%), and XR-Hi (87%) groups. This study indicates that XR-Hi did not attenuate hypersensitivity more effectivelythan did XR-Lo in this model. XR 0.65 mg/kg is recommended to attenuate postoperative mechanical hypersensitivity for upto 72 h in rats in an incisional pain model.

P061 Kawasaki disease: a case series from a tertiary Hospital in Kenya

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Njeru ◽  
A Migowa
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
High Dose ◽  
True Incidence

Abstract Background Kawasaki disease (kDa) is a childhood vasculitides that affects small and medium-sized arteries. It is self-limiting but when left untreated can cause coronary artery aneurysms in about 25% of children1. The diagnosis is clinical and is made with the criteria of fever for at least five days, and at least four out of five other clinical signs: bilateral non-exudative conjunctivitis, oral mucous membrane changes, peripheral extremity changes, polymorphous rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Incomplete kDa is diagnosed with fever for at least five days and at least 2–3 of the principal signs, with suggestive lab investigations and lack of an alternative diagnosis1. kDa is named after Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki who first described it in 1967 in Japan2. The highest incidence of kDa continues to be reported among Asian children, with an incidence rate of 264.8 per 100 000 population aged 0–4 years as per Japan’s latest nationwide survey3. In Africa, the true incidence is unknown but several case reports have been published. A 2016 paper by Gorrab et al.4 found that the annualized incidence rate of kDa in the Maghreb children living in Quebec (18.49/year/100 000 children under 5 years of age) was 4–12 times higher than reported in their countries of origin- Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria (0.95, 4.52, and 3.15, respectively) suggesting a likelihood of under-diagnosis. This case series sought to highlight the characteristics, presentation, and management of patients diagnosed with kDa in a tertiary hospital in Kenya. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out by reviewing the charts of all the patients with a discharge diagnosis of kDa from January 2013 to December 2017 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Their demographics, presentation, diagnostic work-up, and management are reported. Analysis was done by descriptive statistics using the Microsoft Excel 2016 Application. Results A total of 15 cases were identified and the patient characteristics and presentation are as tabulated below: In addition to elevated inflammatory markers (C reactive protein and/or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), a significant number of the patients also had sterile pyuria (9/9), hypoalbuminemia (8/10), thrombocytosis (8/15), and anaemia (11/15). Nine out of eleven had negative blood cultures. Fourteen out of the fifteen patients had echocardiograms done during admission. Only one patient was found to have abnormal findings of bilaterally dilated coronaries arteries. Five patients had at least one documented repeat echocardiogram. Fourteen patients received Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), with 13 of them responding to treatment. No adverse effects were reported after treatment. One patient did not improve and needed a second dose of IVIG and intravenous methylprednisone (30 mg/kg). Fourteen patients received aspirin but dosing varied from high (80–90 mg/kg/day) to moderate (30–50 mg/kg/day) to low dose (3 mg/kg/day). One patient on high-dose aspirin was noted to have developed symptoms consistent with aspirin-induced bronchospasm and was changed to low dose. Conclusion This case series highlights the presence of kDa in the Kenyan pediatric population with patient characteristics similar to what is reported globally. Diagnosis was made after a mean of about 7 days, possibly due to low awareness of the disease among healthcare professionals. Management with IVIG in most cases was successful but more guidance is needed around the use of steroids and the dosing of aspirin.

scholarly journals Spontaneous poisoning by Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) in horses

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 926-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele M. Bassuino ◽  
Guilherme Konradt ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
Matheus O. Reis ◽  
Saulo P. Pavarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Con A ◽  
Indolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Progressive Weight Loss ◽  
Gross Lesions

ABSTRACT: Sida carpinifolia poisoning causes a chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with lysosomal storage by indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). The epidemiological, clinical, pathological and lectin histochemistry findings of an outbreak of natural poisoning by S. carpinifolia in horses in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, are described. Five horses from a total of 15 that were kept on native pasture with large amounts of S. carpinifolia presented during 90 days clinical signs of progressive weight loss, incoordination, stiff gait and ramble, in addition to exacerbated reactions and locomotion difficulty after induced movement. Four horses died, and one of them was submitted for necropsy. At necropsy, no significant gross lesions were observed. Histological findings observed in the central nervous system were characterized by swollen neurons with cytoplasm containing multiple microvacuoles; these abnormalities were more severe in the thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum and pons. Using lectin histochemistry, the pons and hippocampus sections stained positive for commercial lectin Con-A, sWGA and WGA. This study aimed to detail S. carpinifolia poisoning in horses to be included in the differential diagnoses of neurological diseases of horses.

scholarly journals COMPARE: prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial of high- vs. low-dose paclitaxel drug-coated balloons for femoropopliteal interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (27) ◽  
pp. 2541-2552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Steiner ◽  
Andrej Schmidt ◽  
Thomas Zeller ◽  
Gunnar Tepe ◽  
Marcus Thieme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Primary Patency ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Primary Efficacy ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Adverse Events

Abstract Aims Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) for femoropopliteal interventions have not been tested against each other. We aimed to directly compare efficacy and safety of a high-dose (In.Pact™) vs. low-dose (Ranger™) DCB with nominal paclitaxel densities of 3.5 vs. 2.0 μg/mm2. Methods and results Within a prospective, multicentre, non-inferiority, clinical trial 414 patients with symptomatic femoropopliteal lesions (Rutherford classification 2–4) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to endovascular treatment with either high- or low-dose DCB after stratification for lesion length. Primary efficacy and safety endpoints comprised primary patency and freedom from major adverse events (i.e. device and procedure-related deaths through 1 month, major amputations, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization through 12 months). We set a non-inferiority margin of −10% at 12 months. Total occlusions were observed frequently (>40%) and provisional stenting was performed in every fourth intervention. Non-inferiority was determined for both primary efficacy and safety endpoints at 12 months. Primary patency was 81.5% in the high-dose and 83.0% in low-dose DCB group {difference: 1.5% [lower bound of the 90% two-sided confidence interval (CI) −5.2%]; Pnon-inferiority < 0.01}. Freedom from major adverse events was determined in 92.6% in high-dose and in 91.0% in low-dose DCB group [difference −1.6% (lower bound of the 90% two-sided CI −6.5%); Pnon-inferiority < 0.01]. Overall death rate was low (2.0%) and no major amputation occurred. Conclusion Two DCBs with different coating characteristics exhibited comparable results with excellent effectiveness and safety through 12 months for femoropopliteal interventions including a wide range of lesion lengths. Clinical trial registration The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02701543).

scholarly journals Chronic Subclinical Prion Disease Induced by Low-Dose Inoculum

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 2510-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana M. Thackray ◽  
Michael A. Klein ◽  
Adriano Aguzzi ◽  
Raymond Bujdoso
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Prion Disease ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Terminal Disease ◽  
Subclinical Disease

ABSTRACT We have compared the transmission characteristics of the two mouse-adapted scrapie isolates, ME7 and Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML), in tga20 mice. These mice express elevated levels of PrP protein compared to wild-type mice and display a relatively short disease incubation period following intracerebral prion inoculation. Terminal prion disease in tga20 mice induced by ME7 or RML was characterized by a distinct pattern of clinical signs and different incubation times. High-dose RML inoculated intracerebrally into tga20 mice induced the most rapid onset of clinical signs, with mice succumbing to terminal disease after only 58 ± 3 days. In contrast, high-dose ME7 gave a mean time to terminal disease of 74 ± 0 days. Histological examination of brain sections from prion-inoculated tga20 mice at terminal disease showed that ME7 gave rise to a more general and extensive pattern of vacuolation than RML. Low-dose inoculum failed to induce terminal disease but did cause preclinical symptoms, including the appearance of reversible clinical signs. Some mice oscillated between showing no clinical signs and early clinical signs for many months but never progressed to terminal disease. Brain tissue from these mice with chronic subclinical prion disease, sacrificed at >200 days postinoculation, contained high levels of infectivity and showed the presence of PrPSc. Parallel analysis of brain tissue from mice with terminal disease showed similar levels of infectivity and detectable PrPSc. These results show that high levels of infectivity and the presence of the abnormal isomer of PrP can be detected in mice with subclinical disease following low-dose prion inoculation.

Hormonal Interactions in the Effects of Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons On the Developing Brain

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 185-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil J. Maclusky ◽  
Theodore J. Brown ◽  
Susan Schantz ◽  
Byung Woun Seo ◽  
Richard E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dioxin Exposure ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Halogenated arylhydrocarbons (HAHs) exert a wide range of effects on the developing brain. These effects result in altered patterns of neuroendocrine function and behavior in adulthood, as well as changes in cognitive function. The underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined. This paper briefly reviews the effects of HAHs on brain development, and proposes the hypothesis that interactions between different hormone-sensitive systems may contribute to the broad spectrum of responses observed after fetal or early postnatal HAH exposure. Physiological interactions between the effects of sex steroids, corticosteroids, and thyroid hormone are known to influence the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Since the biosynthesis and/or action of each of these hormones is sensitive to developmental HAH exposure, it is suggested that convergent effects of HAHs on different endocrine pathways may underlie some of the disruptive effects of these chemicals on CNS differentiation. Data are presented indicating that the disruptive effects of low dose dioxin exposure on sexual differentiation of the rat brain are probably not mediated through blockade of estrogen responses, butmay instead involve subtle developmental changes in other endocrine systems, perhaps also affecting the feedback control of adrenocortical function. The potential for interactive endocrine effects illustrates the need for a fuller understanding of the range of biological activities of HAHs in the brain, so that the potential risks of low dose developmental exposure to these environmental toxicants can be predicted with greater certainty.

scholarly journals Daily Low Dose of Erythropoietin and Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Nejat ◽  
Ahmad Shahir Sadr ◽  
Alireza Ebrahimi ◽  
Alireza Nabati ◽  
Elham Eshaghi
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Secondary Messengers ◽  
Probable Outcome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Neuroinflammation, defined as inflammatory reactions mediated by cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and secondary messengers in the central nervous system (CNS) including the brain and spinal cord is the basis of many neurological disorders [1] Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) has been considered and studied as a modulator of neuroinflammation.[2-4] On this article minireview of pathophysiology of neuroinflammation and the neuroprotective effects of EPO is discussed and a case of subacute huge subdural hematoma with double mydriasis operated urgently, treated with low daily dose (vs high dose once or twice a month in the literature) of EPO and recovered fully and discharged home with good consciousness is reported. In addition, the probable outcome of erythropoietin administration in patients with neuroinflammation in COVID19 is considered.

scholarly journals Daily Low Dose of Erythropoietin in Neuroinflammation; EPO Might Be Hazardous in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Nejat ◽  
Ahmad Shahir Sadr ◽  
Alireza Ebrahimi ◽  
Alireza Nabati ◽  
Elham Eshaghi
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Secondary Messengers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Neuroinflammation, defined as inflammatory reactions mediated by cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and secondary messengers in the central nervous system (CNS) including the brain and spinal cord is the basis of many neurological disorders. Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) has been considered and studied as a modulator of neuroinflammation. On this article minireview of pathophysiology of neuroinflammation and the neuroprotective effects of EPO is discussed and a case of subacute huge subdural hematoma with double mydriasis operated urgently, treated with low daily dose (vs high dose once or twice a month in the literature) of EPO and recovered fully and discharged home with good consciousness is reported. In addition, the probable unfavorable outcome of erythropoietin administration in patients with neuroinflammation in COVID-19 is considered.

Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Mixed Tocopheryl Phosphates in Rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gianello ◽  
W. C. Hall ◽  
E. Kennepohl ◽  
R. Libinaki ◽  
E. Ogru
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Dose Dependent

Rats were fed diets containing 0%, 1 %, 3%, or 5% mixed tocopheryl phosphates for 90 days. No abnormal clinical signs related to treatment appeared. Some statistically significant changes in hematology and clinical chemistry parameters appeared, but the majority were not dose dependent, occurred in only one sex or group, and/or remained within the historical control range for this strain of rat. A statistically significant apparent reduction in blood protein was observed in animals treated with the tocopheryl phosphates, but further investigation showed that the test substance interfered with the protein assay. Repeat analysis using a method unaffected by plasma test substance levels showed no difference in plasma proteins among all groups. Gross necropsy revealed no abnormalities; reduced relative heart and epididymal weights were observed, but were not dose dependent and were considered incidental. Histopathological changes occurred only in the mesenteric lymph node and small intestine. Foreign material in a crystal-like form appeared in macrophages in both organs, and increased in a dose-related fashion. In the lymph node, sinus histiocytosis increased with dose, but the severity was similar between the control and low-dose groups. Foreign-body granulomatous inflammation, associated with Maltese cross birefringence of the crystals was seen in the mid- and high-dose animals, but not the low-dose group. Similarly, the small intestine showed increasing amounts of foreign material and inflammation in the mid- and high-dose but not in the 1 % diet. The 1 % diet (equivalent to 587 and 643 mg mixed tocopheryl phosphates/kg body weight/day for male and female rats, respectively) was considered the no observed adverse effect level.

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