The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1047-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDERICK S. STINSON ◽  
DEBORAH A. DAWSON ◽  
S. PATRICIA CHOU ◽  
SHARON SMITH ◽  
RISE B. GOLDSTEIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Mean

Background. There is a lack of current detailed national data on the prevalence, correlates, disability and co-morbidity of DSM-IV specific phobia (SP), the prevalence of specific objects and situations feared, and associations between impairment, treatment and co-morbidity and the number of specific situations and objects feared, among adults in the USA.Method. The data were derived from a large (43093) representative sample of the adult population in the USA.Results. Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV SP were 7·1% and 9·4% respectively. Being female, young, and low income increased risk, while being Asian or Hispanic decreased risk (p<0·05). The mean age at onset of SP was 9·7 years, the mean duration of episode was 20·1 years and only 8·0% reported treatment specifically for SP. Most specific phobias involved multiple fears, and an increasing number of fears, regardless of content, was associated with greater disability and impairment, treatment seeking and co-morbidity with other Axis I and II disorders.Conclusions. SP is a highly prevalent, disabling and co-morbid disorder in the US adult population. The early onset of SP and the disorders most strongly associated with it highlights the need for longitudinal studies beginning in early childhood. Results suggest the existence of a generalized subtype of SP much like social phobia, which, once revealed, may lead to a classification of SP that is more etiologically and therapeutically meaningful.

Cannabis use disorders in the USA: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1447-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDERICK S. STINSON ◽  
W. JUNE RUAN ◽  
ROGER PICKERING ◽  
BRIDGET F. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cannabis Dependence ◽  
Cannabis Abuse ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Cannabis Use Disorders

Background. The purpose of this study was to present 12-month and lifetime estimates of the prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and psychiatric co-morbidity of DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence.Method. Data were derived from a large nationally representative survey (n=43093) of US adults.Results. The prevalence of 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV cannabis abuse (1·1% and 7·2%) exceeded the corresponding rates of cannabis dependence (0·3% and 1·3%). Being male, Native American, widowed/separated/divorced, and residing in the West increased the odds whereas being Black, Asian or Hispanic decreased the odds of cannabis abuse and dependence. Cannabis dependence was significantly associated with low income. Ages of onset for both cannabis use disorders occurred in adolescence and the majority of individuals with these disorders remained untreated. Co-morbidity was high between cannabis use disorders and other Axis I and II disorders.Conclusions. Cannabis use disorders continue to present a widespread and serious personal and public health problem. Native Americans were found to have high rates of cannabis use disorders, warranting closer attention to the mental health needs of this subgroup. Associations between cannabis abuse and dependence and Axis I and II disorders were strong, signaling the need for more comprehensive assessment of individuals with cannabis use disorders. Further controlled treatment studies are needed, especially among co-morbid individuals, in view of growing evidence of the adverse personal, medical and societal impacts of cannabis use disorders in the USA.

Psychotic versus nonpsychotic bipolar outpatient depression

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 458-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Benazzi
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Atypical Features ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv

SummaryPsychotic bipolar depression was compared with nonpsychotic bipolar depression. Psychotic (n = 59) and nonpsychotic (n = 176) bipolar depressed outpatients were SCID-DSM-IV interviewed. Psychotic bipolar depression had significantly higher severity, more chronicity, fewer atypical features and axis I co-morbidity, more bipolar I, and fewer bipolar II patients. Age at onset, duration of illness, gender, and recurrences, were not significantly different.

scholarly journals Association of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Heroin Addiction

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Salman ◽  
Muhammad Idrees ◽  
Muhammad Anees ◽  
Jawaria Idrees ◽  
Fariha Idrees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Heroin Addiction ◽  
Heroin Addicts ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Objectives: To study the association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with heroin addiction. Study design: A cross-sectional, hospital based study. Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at Lady Reading Hospital and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 4th April 2012 to 13th September 2012. Subjects and Methods: A sample of 137 adult heroin addicts were analyzed that whether they were ADHD and that childhood problem continues to manifest symptoms in adults. For retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) symptom checklist for ADHD was used. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) was used to assess the persisting symptoms of ADHD in adults. Inclusion criteria: Patient diagnosed with heroin addiction according to ICD-9 and DSM-IV. Exclusion criteria: Patient has co-morbid with any other mental illnesses. Results: The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater than the normal patients. Heroin addicts showed 41.6% (WURS) and 38.6% (DSM-IV diagnostic criteria) that indicated evidence of retrospective ADHD affliction in childhood. 22.6% were IV users. CAARS was presented in 37.9% heroin addicts who exhibited a substantiation of ADHD persistent in adulthood. The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater (P = 0.003), than the normal patients. Conclusions: These results revealed that addiction is associated with co-morbidity with ADHD, expressed in the form of heroin addiction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18294 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(2) 2014 p.128-134

Schizoaffective disorder and life events

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s845-s845
Author(s):  
B. walid ◽  
I. Marrag ◽  
F. Ellouze ◽  
A. Dekhil ◽  
M. Nasr
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Schizoaffective Disorder ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Psychiatric Department

IntroductionThe schizoaffective disorder is multifactorial. Several factors almost unquestioned, even indisputable, participate in the episodes’ decompensation and affect various fields: biological, pharmacological or neurobiochemical.ObjectivesDraw up the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients treated for schizoaffective disorder and determine the role of life events in the onset of the disorder.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 52 patients hospitalized in the psychiatric department of Mahdia diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder according to DSM-IV-TR during the period from January 2014 until June 2014. The information was collected using a preset sheet with 35 items.ResultsA total of 52 records was gathered. The average age was 38 years. The sample was predominantly male, of rural origin in 61.5% of cases. The level of education was low in 59.6% of cases. More than half were without profession and single in 46.2% of cases. The mean age at onset of the disorder was 25.2 years. The presence of life events preceding the onset of the disorder was noted in 22 patients, that to say, 42.3% of the sample. Family and emotional events were most frequently encountered with respective rates of 48.2 and 24.7%, followed by the professional events (20%) and social ones (6%).ConclusionLife events are due to chance but also to the environment. The complexity of the “event” concept was again underlined in a new perspective, breaking social rhythms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Armed and prohibited: characteristics of unlawful owners of legally purchased firearms

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2019-043479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica A Pear ◽  
Christopher D McCort ◽  
Yueju Li ◽  
Laurel Beckett ◽  
Daniel Tancredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Bivariate Statistics ◽  
Felony Conviction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hispanic People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Race Ethnicity

BackgroundA substantial proportion of individuals who lawfully purchase firearms later become unlawful owners ('prohibited firearm owners'), usually following events associated with an increased risk for future violence. This high-risk population has not previously been described. We aimed to characterise all individuals in California's Armed and Prohibited Persons System (APPS), a statewide programme for recovering firearms from individuals who legally purchased them and later became prohibited from ownership.MethodsWe used univariate and bivariate statistics to describe and compare prohibited firearm owners in APPS with a random sample of non-prohibited firearm owners in relation to age, sex, race/ethnicity and type of firearms owned as of 1 February 2015. We also characterised the geographical distribution of prohibited firearm owners and described their prohibitions.ResultsOf the 18 976 prohibited firearm owners, most were men (93%), half were white (53%) and the mean age was 47 years. Prohibited firearm owners were more likely to be male and to be black or Hispanic people than non-prohibited owners. Both prohibited and non-prohibited firearm owners had an average of 2.6 firearms, mostly handguns. Nearly half (48%) of prohibited firearm owners had a felony conviction. Extrapolating from our findings, we estimated that there are approximately 100 000 persons in the USA who unlawfully maintained ownership of their firearms following a felony conviction.ConclusionsRetention of firearms among persons who become lawfully prohibited from possessing them is common in California. Given the nationwide dearth of a programme to recover such weapons, this is likely true in other states as well.

scholarly journals 2212. Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Attributable to Co-morbid Conditions in Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S754-S754
Author(s):  
Melissa A Rolfes ◽  
Seema Jain ◽  
Anna Bramley ◽  
Wesley Self ◽  
Richard G Wunderink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract Background Few studies have quantified the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among adults with co-morbidities. Combining data from the population-based, prospective Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community study (EPIC) and the nationwide health-related Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) telephone-survey, we estimated the annual risk of hospitalization for CAP among adults with co-morbidities. Methods We identified adults hospitalized with radiographic and clinical CAP at hospitals in Chicago, IL and Nashville, TN from July 2010 to June 2012. Using 2011 BRFSS data, we estimated the prevalence of the population with selected co-morbidities (chronic lung disease [CLD], cardiovascular disease [CVD], chronic kidney disease [CKD], or diabetes) in the EPIC study catchment counties, as well as the population without co-morbidities. We estimated the incidence of hospitalized CAP, age-adjusted relative risk (RR) using Poisson regression, and population attributable fraction for each co-morbidity. Results Among 2,061 adult patients enrolled in EPIC, 1,428 (69%) had at least one selected co-morbidity, most commonly CLD (42%) and CVD (35%). Among the adult population in the EPIC catchment area, 17% had ≥1 selected co-morbidity. The overall incidence of hospitalized CAP was 24.8/10,000, 118.7/10,000 among adults with ≥1 co-morbidity, and 11.2/10,000 among adults without a co-morbidity. Compared with patients without co-morbidities, the incidence of hospitalization for CAP was higher among patients with CLD (aRR: 20.7 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.0–21.5]), CKD (aRR: 14.5 [CI: 13.8–15.1]), CVD (aRR: 14.0 [CI: 13.5–14.6]), and diabetes (aRR: 6.2 [CI: 5.9–6.4]). While CLD and CVD accounted for high proportions of the incidence of CAP hospitalizations in the study population, the contribution of the selected co-morbidities varied by age groups (figure). Conclusion There is an increased risk of hospitalization for CAP among adults with co-morbidities, particularly chronic lung and cardiovascular disease. As a large portion of CAP is attributable to these co-morbidities, targeted public health interventions, such as vaccination and risk communication, need to be reinforced among these high-risk groups. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Thought disorder in the meta-structure of psychopathology

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1673-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keyes ◽  
N. R. Eaton ◽  
R. F. Krueger ◽  
A. E. Skodol ◽  
M. M. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundDimensional models of co-morbidity have the potential to improve the conceptualization of mental disorders in research and clinical work, yet little is known about how relatively uncommon disorders may fit with more common disorders. The present study estimated the meta-structure of psychopathology in the US general population focusing on the placement of five under-studied disorders sharing features of thought disorder: paranoid, schizoid, avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders, and manic episodes as well as bipolar disorder.MethodData were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a face-to-face interview of 34 653 non-institutionalized adults in the US general population. The meta-structure of 16 DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders, as assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule DSM-IV version (AUDADIS-IV), was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsWe document an empirically derived thought disorder factor that is a subdomain of the internalizing dimension, characterized by schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal and avoidant personality disorders as well as manic episodes. Manic episodes exhibit notable associations with both the distress subdomain of the internalizing dimension as well as the thought disorder subdomain. The structure was replicated for bipolar disorder (I or II) in place of manic episodes.ConclusionsAs our understanding of psychopathological meta-structure expands, incorporation of disorders characterized by detachment and psychoticism grows increasingly important. Disorders characterized by detachment and psychoticism may be well conceptualized, organized and measured as a subdimension of the internalizing spectrum of disorders. Manic episodes and bipolar disorder exhibit substantial co-morbidity across both distress and thought disorder domains of the internalizing dimension. Clinically, these results underscore the potential utility of conceptualizing patient treatment needs using an approach targeting psychopathological systems underlying meta-structural classification rubrics.

scholarly journals The cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (15) ◽  
pp. 3161-3172 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Scott ◽  
C. C. W. Lim ◽  
I. Hwang ◽  
T. Adamowski ◽  
A. Al-Hamzawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Study ◽  
Relationship Functioning ◽  
Intermittent Explosive Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Cross National

BackgroundThis is the first cross-national study of intermittent explosive disorder (IED).MethodA total of 17 face-to-face cross-sectional household surveys of adults were conducted in 16 countries (n = 88 063) as part of the World Mental Health Surveys initiative. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) assessed DSM-IV IED, using a conservative definition.ResultsLifetime prevalence of IED ranged across countries from 0.1 to 2.7% with a weighted average of 0.8%; 0.4 and 0.3% met criteria for 12-month and 30-day prevalence, respectively. Sociodemographic correlates of lifetime risk of IED were being male, young, unemployed, divorced or separated, and having less education. The median age of onset of IED was 17 years with an interquartile range across countries of 13–23 years. The vast majority (81.7%) of those with lifetime IED met criteria for at least one other lifetime disorder; co-morbidity was highest with alcohol abuse and depression. Of those with 12-month IED, 39% reported severe impairment in at least one domain, most commonly social or relationship functioning. Prior traumatic experiences involving physical (non-combat) or sexual violence were associated with increased risk of IED onset.ConclusionsConservatively defined, IED is a low prevalence disorder but this belies the true societal costs of IED in terms of the effects of explosive anger attacks on families and relationships. IED is more common among males, the young, the socially disadvantaged and among those with prior exposure to violence, especially in childhood.

scholarly journals Healthcare utilisation and cost expenditures for pneumonia in individuals with diabetes mellitus in the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Liu ◽  
G. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Inpatient Setting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa

AbstractPneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalisations among adults in the USA. Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been associated with increased risk for pneumonia and complications including death. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the prevalence and healthcare utilisation patterns for pneumonia in individuals with and without DM, and (2) identify risk factors for pneumonia in those with DM. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the US adult population using Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (MEPS) data from 2014. Overall, the data represented 24 million individuals with DM and 218 million without DM in the USA. The population-based rate for a pneumonia event was 34 per 1000 persons for individuals with DM and 19 per 1000 persons without DM. Compared to the non-DM group, individuals with DM were treated 1.8x, 2.6x and 1.4x more in the ED, hospital and outpatient, respectively. Furthermore, the average cost per pneumonia event was significantly higher among individuals with DM compared to non-DM in the inpatient setting ($11 931 vs. $7751; P < 0.001). Among individuals with DM, female sex, DM complications, smokers and administration of pneumococcal vaccines were significant factors associated with a pneumonia event.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Veale ◽  
Ann Boocock ◽  
Kevin Gournay ◽  
Windy Dryden ◽  
Fozia Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Primary Disorder ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Axis I ◽  
High Degree

BackgroundBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) consists of a preoccupation with an ‘imagined’ defect in appearance which causes significant distress or impairment in functioning. There has been little previous research into BDD. This study replicates a survey from the USA in a UK population and evaluates specific measures of BDD.MethodCross-sectional interview survey of 50 patients who satisfied DSM–IV criteria for BDD as their primary disorder.ResultsThe average age at onset was late adolescence and a large proportion of patients were either single or divorced. Three-quarters of the sample were female. There was a high degree of comorbidity with the most common additional Axis I diagnosis being either a mood disorder (26%), social phobia (16%) or obsessive–compulsive disorder (6%). Twenty-four per cent had made a suicide attempt in the past. Personality disorders were present in 72% of patients, the most common being paranoid, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive.ConclusionsBDD patients had a high associated comorbidity and previous suicide attempts. BDD is a chronic handicapping disorder and patients are not being adequately identified or treated by health professionals.

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