scholarly journals Dissociation mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Varese ◽  
E. Barkus ◽  
R. P. Bentall
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dissociative Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dissociative Tendencies ◽  
Reality Discrimination ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundIt has been proposed that the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucinations can be explained by dissociative processes. The present study examined whether the effect of childhood trauma on hallucination-proneness is mediated by dissociative tendencies. In addition, the influence of dissociative symptoms on a cognitive process believed to underlie hallucinatory experiences (i.e. reality discrimination; the capacity to discriminate between internal and external cognitive events) was also investigated.MethodPatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n=45) and healthy controls (with no history of hallucinations;n=20) completed questionnaire measures of hallucination-proneness, dissociative tendencies and childhood trauma, as well as performing an auditory signal detection task.ResultsCompared to both healthy and non-hallucinating clinical controls, hallucinating patients reported both significantly higher dissociative tendencies and childhood sexual abuse. Dissociation positively mediated the effect of childhood trauma on hallucination-proneness. This mediational role was particularly robust for sexual abuse over other types of trauma. Signal detection abnormalities were evident in hallucinating patients and patients with a history of hallucinations, but were not associated with pathological dissociative symptoms.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with dissociative accounts of the trauma-hallucinations link. Dissociation, however, does not affect reality discrimination. Future research should examine whether other cognitive processes associated with both dissociative states and hallucinations (e.g. deficits in cognitive inhibition) may explain the relationship between dissociation and hallucinatory experiences.

scholarly journals Music, Politics, and History: An Introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-374
Author(s):  
David Kennerley
Keyword(s):  
Sound Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Music And Politics ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMusic has been steadily rising up the historical agenda, a product of the emergence of sound studies, the history of the senses, and a mood of interdisciplinary curiosity. This introductory article offers a critical review of how the relationship between music and politics has featured in extant historical writing, from classic works of political history to the most recent scholarship. It begins by evaluating different approaches that historians have taken to music, summarizes the important shifts in method that have recently taken place, and advocates for a performance-centered, contextualized framework that is attentive to the distinctive features of music as a medium. The second half examines avenues for future research into the historical connections between music and politics, focusing on four thematic areas—the body, emotions, space, and memory—and closes with some overarching reflections on music's use as a tool of power, as well as a challenge to it. Although for reasons of cohesion, this short article focuses primarily on scholarship on Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, its discussion of theory and methods is intended to be applicable to the study of music and political culture across a broad range of periods and geographies.

Hacia una conclusión

2020 ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
Allison Margaret Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Indigenous Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Colonial Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Historical Silences ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter reviews the major methodological and theoretical approaches used in Mining Language, at once concluding the book and gesturing toward future research directions in the fields of history of colonial science and technology and Indigenous Studies. Specifically, it reflects on the relationship between history and literary studies within these intersecting fields. By reflecting on what colonial archives say and do not say, the conclusion argues for the importance of research ethics and methods that confront, acknowledge, and respond to historical silences.

Childhood Trauma and Attachment

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-198
Author(s):  
Jennifer Toof ◽  
Justina Wong ◽  
James M. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Family System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Family Counselors ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
The Relationship

This article describes the relationship between trauma in early childhood and attachment style, with the goal that clinicians can more effectively tailor individualized interventions to their clients. Recognizing how and why trauma influences attachment styles will provide the clinician with a more thorough understanding of the client and the client’s family system and will allow the clinician to select the most appropriate treatment interventions. Implications are provided for marriage, relationship, and family counselors. Furthermore, recommendations for future research are provided.

Possible Hepatotoxicity Associated With Daptomycin

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonsun Mo ◽  
Fletcher Nehring ◽  
Andrew H. Jung ◽  
Seth T. Housman
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Acute Liver Failure ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Dose ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose To report a case of isolated daptomycin-induced acute liver injury without elevations in creatine kinase (CK) levels or kidney dysfunction. Summary A 49-year-old female with a history of pancreatitis, lupus, diabetes, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and chronic pain syndrome presented to the emergency department with alteration in mental status and acute liver failure. The patient had been treated with daptomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis for 3 weeks. After ruling out other possible etiologies, daptomycin was suspected as a cause of acute liver failure. Her liver failure resolved gradually following withdrawal of daptomycin. Conclusion Although hepatic abnormalities caused by daptomycin are rare, a handful of cases with daptomycin-induced liver injury have been reported in the literature. Of note, in most cases, patients on daptomycin therapy developed liver damage with elevations in CK levels. Our case report suggests possible severe liver injury associated with high-dose and long-term daptomycin treatment in the absence of rhabdomyolysis. Future research is warranted to further investigate the relationship between daptomycin use and liver injury, yet it is reasonable to monitor liver function tests at baseline and weekly thereafter along with CK levels, especially in patients requiring long-term daptomycin therapy.

The association between childhood trauma and empathy in patients with stable schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s241-s241
Author(s):  
A. Arous ◽  
R. Trabelsi ◽  
J. Mrizak ◽  
A. Aissa ◽  
H. Ben Ammar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Neglect ◽  
Affective Components

IntroductionEmpathy, which refers to the ability to understand and share the thoughts and feelings of others, has emerged as an important topic in the field of social neuroscience. It is one of the most understudied dimensions of social cognition in schizophrenia (SCZ).ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between cognitive and affective empathy and CT in SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) comprising five subscales intended to assess cognitive and affective components of empathy.ResultsPatients with a history of sexual abuse better emotion contagion scores (P = 0.048) which means that develop more easily self-oriented emotional state matching the affective states of others. Patients with a history of emotional neglect or/and in denial of CT had higher scores in perspective taking score (P = 0.017). Perspective taking assesses the extent to which respondents can take another's perspective or see things from another's point-of-view.ConclusionsInvestigating psychosocial mechanisms, specifically the role of CT, underlying the development of empathic capacities is important since empathy can represent a treatment-target.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Does batrachotoxin autoresistance co-evolve with toxicity in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Márquez ◽  
Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda ◽  
Adolfo Amézquita
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Toxin Resistance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fitness Tradeoffs ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractToxicity is widespread among living organisms, and evolves as a multimodal phenotype. Part of this phenotype is the ability to avoid self-intoxication (autoresistance). Evolving toxin resistance can involve fitness tradeoffs, so autoresistance is often expected to evolve gradually and in tandem with toxicity, resulting in a correlation between the degrees of toxicity and autoresistance among toxic populations. We investigate this correlation in Phyllobates poison frogs, notorious for secreting batrachotoxin (BTX), a potent neurotoxin that targets sodium channels, using ancestral sequence reconstructions of BTX–sensing areas of the muscular voltage-gated sodium channel. Reconstructions suggest that BTX resistance arose at the root of Phyllobates, coinciding with the evolution of BTX secretion. After this event little or no further evolution of autoresistance seems to have occurred, despite large increases in toxicity throughout the history of these frogs. Our results therefore provide no evidence in favor of an evolutionary correlation between toxicity and autoresistance, which conflicts with previous work. Future research on the functional costs and benefits of mutations putatively involved in BTX resistance, as well as their prevalence in natural populations should shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms driving the relationship between toxicity and autoresistance in Phyllobates frogs.

The relationship between dissociative symptoms, alexithymia, impulsivity, sexual abuse, and self-mutilation

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caron Zlotnick ◽  
M.Tracie Shea ◽  
Teri Pearlstein ◽  
Elizabeth Simpson ◽  
Ellen Costello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Dissociative Symptoms ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
The Relationship

“I Didn’t Know Where To Go”: An Examination of Stop It Now!’s Sexual Abuse Prevention Helpline

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (20) ◽  
pp. 4225-4253
Author(s):  
Billie-Jo Grant ◽  
Ryan T. Shields ◽  
Joan Tabachnick ◽  
Jenny Coleman
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Hidden Population ◽  
Sexually Abusive ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines data from Stop It Now!’s Helpline in the United States primarily over a 5-year, 3-month period and offers insights into the needs of individuals and families confronting issues related to child sexual abuse (CSA). Stop It Now!’s Helpline serves the global community by providing support, information, and guidance to those in need, such as helping to identify and respond to warning signs of sexually abusive behaviors in adults, adolescents, or children. More than 7,000 ( N = 7,122) nonidentifiable user records are the subject of this inquiry and reflect individuals who contacted the Helpline between December 1, 2012, and March 7, 2018. The article also places this analysis in a larger context through an overview that includes total user count of this service since its inception in 1995 ( N = 21,030). Descriptive statistics revealed that the majority of Helpline users identified as bystanders, family members, or friends/acquaintances of an individual at risk to abuse. The majority of users knew both the person at risk to abuse (adult or youth) and the child at risk of being abused. Twelve percent of users had questions or concerns about their own feelings and/or behaviors that were or could be putting a child at risk of sexual abuse. Chi-square tests examined the relationship between Helpline contact type, level of assessment, and gender. Findings provide insights into this hidden population of individuals at risk to abuse, those who have abused, as well as their friends and families who are seeking support. Study findings also reinforce the importance of CSA prevention helplines that focus on reducing the isolation and secrecy that creates conditions which make children more vulnerable to abuse. Implications for future research and prevention programming are also discussed.

Predictors of Victim–Perpetrator Relationship Stability Following a Sexual Assault: A Brief Report

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Edwards ◽  
Megan C. Kearns ◽  
Christine A. Gidycz ◽  
Karen S. Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relationship Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perpetrator Blame ◽  
Trauma Symptomatology

The researchers assessed the predictors of victim–perpetrator relationship stability following a sexual assault. Participants included 254 women sexually assaulted by a friend, casual dating partner, or steady dating partner. Results suggested that most victim–perpetrator relationships (75%) continued following the sexual assault. Greater trauma symptomatology, less perpetrator blame, and nondisclosure of the assault by victims predicted relationship continuation with the perpetrator. Additionally, the odds of continuing the relationship were greater following acts of sexual coercion than following acts of completed rape. Close relationships (steady dating partner) were more likely to continue following the sexual assault than less close relationships (friends and casual dating partners). Unexpectedly, the odds of relationship stability were greater for women without histories of childhood sexual abuse than women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.

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