scholarly journals Routine AMS Dating of Bone and Shell Proteins

Radiocarbon ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2A) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gillespie ◽  
R E M Hedges ◽  
M J Humm
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Insoluble Collagen ◽  
Shell Proteins ◽  
Burned Bone ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
Single Method

14C dating of bone has been unreliable in comparison with more stable materials such as wood or charcoal. Attempts have been made to use various components or fractions isolated from the raw bone sample; these include dilute acid soluble, dilute acid insoluble, collagen, and gelatin, as well as alkali soluble and insoluble fractions of burned bone, and carbonate or apatite fractions of organic-poor bone. All of these fractions have yielded useful data in some cases, but no single method has proven suitable in all situations. The work reported here describes the isolation and purification of amino acids from the dilute acid insoluble fraction of bone collagen and parchment, with some preliminary experiments on amino acids from shell conchiolin.

scholarly journals Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Dating of Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids: Towards Determination of Dietary Reservoir Effects in Humans

Radiocarbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Nalawade-Chavan ◽  
James McCullagh ◽  
Robert Hedges ◽  
Clive Bonsall ◽  
Adina Boroneanţ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Carbon Reservoir ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
Analytical Approaches

When humans consume foods from different radiocarbon reservoirs offset in age to the atmosphere, inaccuracies in the 14C date of bone collagen can occur. Mesolithic human skeletons from the Iron Gates section of the Lower Danube Valley have yielded reservoir offsets of up to ∼500 yr. This has been demonstrated through direct dating of bulk collagen from human bones and the remains of ungulate bone projectile points that were found embedded in them (Cook et al. 2001). We present improvements to a novel HPLC method for the detection and separation of underivatized amino acids using a water-only mobile phase free of organic or inorganic modifiers, ensuring very low carbon backgrounds. Our hypothesis is that direct 14C dating of single essential and non-essential amino acids might allow an improvement in the dating accuracy for reservoir-affected human bones. The method facilitates separation of less polar amino acids (mostly “essential”), currently not possible in the recently published protocol. We discuss methodological developments, demonstrate carbon backgrounds, and present analytical approaches to minimize their effects. We validate the precision and accuracy of the method by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating relatively modern and 14C-dead, known-age bone standards. Finally, we apply the method to the dating of single amino acids from bone samples with a proven ∼500–yr carbon reservoir effect from Mesolithic burials at the Iron Gates sites. We investigate whether differences can be found in AMS dates for essential and non-essential amino acids since, although contemporaneous, these are expected to derive from dietary sources with differing 14C reservoirs.

Radiocarbon Dating and Dietary Stable Isotope Analysis of Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Richards ◽  
Sheila Greer ◽  
Lorna T. Corr ◽  
Owen Beattie ◽  
Alexander Mackie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
The Individual

We report here on the results of AMS dating and isotopic analysis of the frozen human remains named Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí and associated materials recovered from a glacier located in Northwest British Columbia, Canada in 1999. The isotopic analysis of bone collagen (bulk and single amino acids) from the individual indicates a strongly marine diet, which was unexpected given the location of this find, more than 100 km inland eroding out of a high elevation glacier; however, bulk hair and bone cholesterol isotopic values indicate a shift in diet to include more terrestrial foods in the year before death. The radiocarbon dating is not straightforward, as there are difficulties in determining the appropriate marine correction for the human remains, and the spread of dates on the associated artifacts clearly indicates that this was not a single use site. By combining the most recent date on a robe worn by Kwaday Dän Ts'inchi with direct bone collagen dates we conclude that the individual likely dates to between cal A.D. 1670 to 1850, which is in the pre-(or early) European contact period for this region.

Effect of nitrogen nutrition on distribution of photosynthetically incorporated 14CO2 in Lolium perenne

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Barta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Ammonium Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
C Metabolism ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Ryegrass plants grown in low NO3-N, high NO3-N, or high NH4-N nutrient culture were labeled by assimilation of 14CO2 by the tops. Plants were harvested 2, 6, and 24 h after labeling and percentage, 14C incorporation was measured in ethanol-soluble, chloroform-soluble, and ethanol-insoluble fractions of leaves, stems, and roots. Low N roots accumulated the greatest and high NH4-N roots accumulated the least 14C at the end of 24 h. Low NO3-N plants had higher levels of ethanol-soluble 14C and lower chloroform-soluble and ethanol-insoluble 14C than high NO3-N plants. Analysis of the ethanol-soluble fraction revealed higher, 14C content in sugars and less in amino acids in low NO3-N plants than in high NO3-N plants. Labeling patterns in high NH4-N plants suggested incipient ammonium toxicity since 14C metabolism was retarded, yet the plants showed no visual toxicity symptoms. When using percentage conversion of label from the ethanol-soluble to ethanol-insoluble fraction as a criterion for plant metabolism, roots appeared to be more sensitive to N deficiency than were tops. This result implies that reduced root growth and (or) function (nutrient uptake) may be one of the first effects of N deficiency.

scholarly journals COLLAGEN METABOLISM IN THE NORMAL AND LATHYRITIC CHICK

1964 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Tanzer ◽  
Jerome Gross
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Fibril Formation ◽  
Collagen Metabolism ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Double Labeling

1. Radioisotope incorporation studies of normal and lathyritic chick embryo bone collagen do not demonstrate any interference by lathyrism with collagen synthesis or fibril formation. 2. The results indicate that a portion of the extractable collagen from lathyritic chick embryo bone represents newly synthesized protein. Evidence from a double labeling experiment and from analysis of isotope flow between the extractable and non-extractable pools suggests the extractable lathyritic collagen is heterogeneous. We propose that the lathyritic process affects collagen in all states of aggregation, probably in varying degree. 3. Puromycin, administered intravenously, reduces the amount of extractable collagen in both normal and lathyritic chick embryo bone, and diminishes the incorporation of labeled proline into collagen. 4. Marked fluctuations in incorporation of labeled amino acids into chick embryo bone collagen suggests the occurrence of wide fluctuations in metabolism of this protein.

Studies in the Natural Coating of Apples IV. the Nature of Cutin

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
FE Huelin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction

Cutin purified with snail gut extract yielded, on alkaline hydrolysis, ethersoluble acids, a water-soluble fraction containing carbohydrates, and an insoluble fraction containing protein. A number of sugars and amino acids were identified in the acid hydrolysates of the last two fractions.

PSVI-26 Optimized small tissue specific protein isolation trough complexed diafiltration technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
Kotenkova Elena ◽  
Irina M Chernukha ◽  
Leonid I Kovalyov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Small Tissue ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Identification

Abstract Physiologically active and pure small tissue specific proteins are in demand in various fundamental and applied areas due to its bioactive properties. It is known that proteins can aggregate, as well as form a highly concentrated layer at the border of the filtration membrane or adhere to it, which significantly interferes with filtration. To eliminate these effects, protein-peptide extracts are recommended to be diluted, as well as using special agents, among them amino acids are more suitable for food industry. The purpose of the study is to develop the isolation and purification of proteins with molecular weight lower 50kDa from porcine hearts and aortas, using different amino acids and its combination. It was previously revealed, that family of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) is one of the most stable and physiologically active protein in such raw materials. The final technology includes extraction, centrifugation, dilution of extract, diafiltration, lyophilization, dissolving in a small volume of distilled water, dialization and final drying. Concentration of 1.0% glycine and 0.1M proline in both diluted extract and exchange solution was revealed to be most effective to prevent protein aggregation. Dialysates were dried lyophilically and O’Farrell 2DE-electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS mass spectrometry identification were used. No proteins of 50kDa and bigger were detected. Proteins of lipid metabolism, peroxiredoxin 2, transgelins etc. with molecular weight lower 50kDa were found. The developed technology allows increasing cardiac and adipocytic isoforms of FABP family content. Cardiac isoform was previously identified in raw material, while adipocytic was newly detected. Adipocytic isoform content is lower than cardiac one; therefore, it was not detected in raw material, but application of complexed diafiltration technique led to increasing its content in dialysate. The developed technology can be used for separation and purification of animal proteins in native and stable forms.

AMS 14C Dating of Bones from Archaeological Sites in Mexico

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1945-1954 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Solis ◽  
G Pérez-Andrade ◽  
M Rodríguez-Ceja ◽  
E Solís-Meza ◽  
T Méndez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Insoluble Collagen ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Ams 14C Dating

ABSTRACTCollagen associated with bone samples is frequently used for radiocarbon (14C) dating of bones recovered from archaeological sites. However, submersion and exposure to moisture favors the degradation of collagen, which leads to difficulty in reliably dating bones from tropical, humid, or previously submerged archaeological sites. In this paper, we characterized the preservation state of a series of bones, through parameters such as %C, %N, C/N ratio, and collagen recovery. We performed 14C analyses of three collagen fractions obtained through the pretreatment steps (total, ultrafiltered, and insoluble collagen) in order to link the preservation state and the reproducibility of 14C values obtained from the three fractions. Collagen ultrafiltration resulted in a decrease of C/N ratio, although collagen yield was reduced. When two or three collagen fractions were obtained, ages were reproducible and consistent with expected values, according to archaeological or hydrogeological criteria. The pretreatment steps were monitored by infrared spectroscopy in order to analyze the collagen fractions at the molecular level. The presence of collagen in the total and insoluble fractions was confirmed. Since many of the Mexican samples had poor ultrafiltered collagen yield (<3%) or nonexistent yield, our results show that if additional contextual information is carefully considered, the remnant collagen in the total and insoluble fraction can be dated, especially from sites where no other datable fraction exists.

scholarly journals The AMS Dating of Separate Fractions in Archaeology

Radiocarbon ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2A) ◽  
pp. 698-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Batten ◽  
Richard Gillespie ◽  
J A J Gowlett ◽  
Rem Hedges
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
Relationship Of

The usefulness of radiocarbon dates in archaeology greatly depends on both the stratigraphic relationship of the sample submitted and on the origin and homogeneity of the measured carbon. For very small samples, stratigraphic relationships can raise additional problems of movement. In chemically well-characterized materials, the best example being collagen, the carbon source can be reasonably well purified. Many samples, however, survive as a complex mixture of high molecular weight polyphenolic materials, with properties between charcoals, humic acids, and lignins. Charred bone, eg, which rarely contains useful quantities of amino acids, and charred seeds, as well as ‘charcoal,’ frequently come into this category. For such samples, the likelihood of contamination by percolating soil humics is high. It is often possible to extract chemically different fractions and to compare the dates obtained. A less exact comparison can also be made for different samples from the same context. The results suggest that ‘humic’ acid dates can be reliable in a surprisingly frequent number of situations, and that where direct comparison is possible, the reliability can be individually assessed.

Thermal Stability of Nacre Proteins of the Polynesian Pearl Oyster: A Proteomic Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 672 ◽  
pp. 222-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Parker ◽  
Françoise Immel ◽  
Nathalie Guichard ◽  
Cédric Broussard ◽  
Frédéric Marin
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Inorganic Composites ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
Degradation Pattern ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Shell Proteins ◽  
Proteomic Study ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Mollusc shells are organic-inorganic composites that are often preserved in the fossil record. However, the way the organic fraction, also called shell matrix, gets fossilized remains an unsolved question, in spite of several old and more recent studies. In the present paper, we have tried to mimic a diagenetic process by constantly heating for ten days at 100°C fresh nacre powder samples of the Polynesian pearl oyster Pinctadamargaritifera. Each day, aliquots of nacre powder were sampled and the matrix was subsequently extracted. It was further analysed by direct weigh quantification, by immunological techniques and by proteomics. Our preliminary data suggest that nacre proteins, when heated at 100°C in dry condition, degrade rather slowly. We evidenced a differential degradation pattern of the soluble and insoluble fractions, and showed that some nacre proteins of the insoluble fraction are stable after ten days of heating. Factors that influence the diagenetic stability of some shell proteins are discussed.

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