A re-examination of al-Mahdī's letter to the Yemenites on the genealogy of the Fatimid caliphs

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Hamdani ◽  
François de Blois
Keyword(s):  
Academic Question ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject

Ever since the establishment of the Fatimid empire in the early part of the 10th century of the Christian era the origin of its rulers has been the subject of incessant discussion and polemics. This was, for the people of the time, no idle academic question, but one of immediate political importance. The defenders of the declining Abbasid state went to great lengths to discredit the rulers of the dynamic rival caliphate in the West, denouncing them not only as rebels and heretics, but also as impudent swindlers falsely claiming to belong to the house of the Prophet, while they were in reality the offspring of one Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ. The Fatimid rulers, for their part, maintained all along that they did indeed belong to the family of Muḥammad, and traced their lineage, at least from the middle of the 10th century onwards, to Ismā‘īl, the second son and, it was claimed, only legitimate successor of the famous Shi‘ite leader Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq, the great-grandson of ‘All and of Fāṭimah, the Prophet's daughter. The Ismaili descent of these rulers became a matter of faith for their partisans, who survive to the present day, in various branches, proudly identifying themselves precisely as “Ismailis”. Historians, whether in the Muslim world or, later, in the West, have taken sides in this ancient dispute, which flares up again from time to time, often with astonishing ferocity.

scholarly journals Working Conditions in Victorian Stourbridge

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
The West ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Case Subject ◽  
The People ◽  
Women And Children

Everybody imagines he knows about working conditions in Victorian England, particularly the excessively long hours resulting from the use of machinery to which the workers became increasingly enslaved. In the famous words of James Philip Kay, “Whilst the engine runs the people must work – men, women and children are yoked together with iron and steam. The animal machine – breakable in the best case, subject to a thousand sources of suffering – is chained to the iron machine, which knows no suffering and no weariness.” It is equally well-known that the worst aspect of employment was the exploitation of women and small children in textile factories and mines. Factory conditions were causing disquiet as early as the 1780's, and the revelations of the witnesses before a succession of committees and commissions in the early part of the nineteenth century are too familiar to need repeating here. The same may be said of conditions in the mines. Who has not been moved by that description of girls at work in the mines of the West Riding – “Chained, belted, harnessed, like dogs in a go-cart, black, saturated with wet, and more than half naked […] they present an appearance indescribably disgusting and unnatural”? Yet it is also common knowledge that factory and mine workers were only a minority among the working classes at the mid-century, numbering about 1¾ millions compared with the 5½ millions employed in non-mechanised industry. Agriculture and domestic service, in fact, employed twice the number of those working in manufacture and mining at this time.

scholarly journals The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-297
Author(s):  
Mushtaqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
New Social Order

ISLAM is as natural to the people of Afghanistan as the air they breathe.Any system repugnant to Islam or the introduction of alien forces to introducea new social order has always been resisted by the Afghans. The presentAfghan-Soviet war is one such story.The war is a matter of vital importance because its outcome will immenselyaffect Pakistan, Iran, and the rest of the Muslim world. It will also upset thebalance of power between the West and the Soviets, and might change thedirection of oil flow. It is curious that the war is not given the support orattention it deserves, in spite of its global ramifications. The West perhapsignores the war as Afghanistan is far removed from the Western mainstream,and its impact is not generally understood because the Afghan Mujahideenlack a sophisticated network of information. Moreover, the Soviets continuemisleading the world by claiming the war is only a law and order problembetween the Afghan government and a handful of “bandits” encouraged fromoutside.The war is neither a law and order matter nor its impact hard to realize.Afghan Mujahideen are fighting the Soviets to force them out of Afghanistan,and the Soviets are trying to hold on using biological, chemical, and othersophisticated weapons. In spite of enormous destruction and genocide, theAfghan Mujahideen are determined to fight to the last, and so apparently arethe Soviets to consolidate their occupation of Afghanistan. This paper presentsan analysis of the war and its impact on Pakistan, the Muslim world, andthe West from a geopolitical standpoint. A brief discussion of Afghanistanexplains the former status of Afghanistan as a buffer state first between theRussians and the British and later between the Soviets and Pakistan.Modern Afghanistan dates back to 1747 when Ahmad Shah Durrani tookover reins of that country. More or less during the same time, the British ...

scholarly journals Epistolarna autobiografia komandora maltańskiego Wincentego Raczyńskiego (1771-1857)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
Tadeusz W. Lange
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Cognitive Value ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject

Tekst dotyczy mało znanego przedstawiciela rodu Raczyńskich z przełomu XVIII i XIX wieku, założyciela jego „kurlandzkiej” linii, komandora maltańskiego Wincentego Raczyńskiego. Przedmiotem artykułu jest napisany przez Komandora na prośbę jego kuzyna Atanazego Raczyńskiego (i później przez Atanazego opublikowany) obszerny list, stanowiący swoiste La Confession d’un enfant du siècle. Autor listu uczestniczył w pewnych historycznych wydarzeniach i otarł się o szereg historycznych postaci, dzięki czemu jego epistolarna autobiografia jest interesująca i niepozbawiona pewnego waloru poznawczego. List, w nieistniejącym już oryginale napisany po francusku, przełożony został na język polski i opatrzony komentarzem, a także licznymi przypisami, osadzającymi opisywane wydarzenia i osoby w historycznym kontekście. Epistolary biography of the commander of the Order of Malta, Wincenty Raczyński (1771–1857) The text describes Wincenty Raczyński, a little known member of the Raczyński family who lived in the 18th and 19th centuries, the founder of the “Courland line” of the family, and the commander of the Order of Malta. The subject of the article is a long letter, written by the Commander upon the request of his cousin, Atanazy Raczyński (and later published by him), which was a La Confession d’un enfant du siècle of sorts. The author of the letter participated in some historical events and met a number of historical characters owing to which his epistolary biography is both interesting and of cognitive value. The letter, which does not exist anymore in its original French form, was translated into Polish, with added commentary and a number of annotations putting the people and events described in a historical context.

scholarly journals Modern Theories and Islamic Concept of Jihad Impacting Pakistan Security Dilemma

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq Javed
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Just War ◽  
National Interest ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Security Dilemma ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Western View

Pakistan National Security is directly related to a mix of Islamic precepts and the implications of contemporary real politics. Initially modern theories were a philosophical response to priesthood of the time hedging Christianity for their own predominance. With the advent of Islam the West applied the same antipathy to the faith of Islam and later it impacted Muslim states and Regions. The West however, circumvented religion as historical legacy representing Christianity. Pakistan being part of wider Muslim world is prone to historically prejudiced; direct and indirect threats based on Modern political theories. Modern theories are Euro-centric owing to their war prone regional history. Islamic Security concepts characterize trans-border implication. Modern political and security perspective are based on; personal experience of the people gone through wars and civil chaos whereas Islamic concept of just war is based on faith absolutes and Meta narratives1. Modern theories imply human nature as a pivot to craft response in anticipation of a predetermined threat to justify pre-emption. Modern theories have become the seed of modern state policies. Islam makes it obligatory to prepare and built power to first deter and retaliate only under tyranny, oppression and under the threat of expulsion and extermination. Pakistan military initiative are deemed inspired by Islamic concept of Jihad and have become cause of her Security Dilemma due to prejudiced Western view. Islam emphasis on mankind as one whole universal community called ‘Ummah’. The modern theories divide the world on National identifies and globalizes only trade and transactions. National Interest in modern theories is pivotal to the state policies. This marked difference is sometime purposely confused as a strategy to dub even a legitimate resistance or movement as Terrorism depending on National Interest expediency. The major cause of conflict is embedded in Islamic and modern political connotations of a just war. These polemical perspectives explain Pakistan Security Dilemma as part of the Muslim world and a need for negotiated understanding for peace and stability and interfaith harmony.

scholarly journals A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL JUSTICE AS THE RULE OF LAW

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Smolnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Historical Moment

The article considers the place of social justice in modern law. Various aspects are noted: its relationship with the social state, legal state, civilizational particularities, historical features. The question of the significance of choice between the legality and legitimacy of power as a factor in the establishment of social justice is considered. The article raises the issue of the subject-object essence of social justice. It provides a comparison of two approaches to social justice in modern Russia — liberal and conservative, and notes the contradictory nature of both. Attention is drawn to the role of elites, the intelligentsia and the people in the embodiment of the liberal project. The author reveals the historical and civilizational prerequisites for the conservative project domination, its being in demand on the part of both the authorities and significant segments of the population, and its correspondence to the historical moment. The similarity of the conservative response to the challenges facing the society in the United States, Japan, Britain and Russia is substantiated. A sociological comparison of positions on the issues of law as social justice in the West and in Russia is given. There is an increasing divergence in understanding social justice both in the countries of the West (destruction of the social contract, welfare state) and between the West and the rest of the world. The theme of justice is increasingly playing a role in causing mutual claims rather than in stabilizing and maintaining international and civil peace. The paper considers attempts to create domestic models of a just society. Social justice is regarded as a projective concept and presupposes the existence of models of the expected and ideal future of society. The world trend towards change in the ideas of the subject of law and of the paradigm shift from liberalism to transhumanism is noted. It is argued that it is impossible to identify law with social justice.

‫*Ag1 نقش سبئي جديد من نقوش الاهداءات‬ (New Sabaean Inscription)

Abgadiyat ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
‫فهمي علي‬ ‫الأغبري‬
Keyword(s):  
Health Protection ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple

The paper throws light on newly discovered Sabaean cult inscriptions, also known as 'gift inscriptions'. Offered to the gods in their temples, gift inscriptions supply us many details about the relationship between the people and their gods. They are written on either the offering itself or the offering table. Very often were the offerings in the form of a written inscription, as is the case with the subject of my paper: a bronze slab bearing inscriptions. These inscriptions are offered to the Sabaean Moon God Ilumquh, to grant the donor peace, health, protection and satisfaction and to keep them away from hateful and jealous ones. The importance of these inscriptions lies in the first-time mention of the tribe of Aser; Aser is now the name of a mountain located in the west of the Yemeni Cap ital, Sana' a. These inscriptions indicate that Aser was the place where the tribe settled or at least is somehow related to it. The inscriptions also mention for the first time the name ofllumquh's temple. However, if this temple is not located in Aser, it would be in some place nearby Sana' a, possibly Arhab. To our knowledge, the temple belonged to the god Taleb. Does this imply that the temple was dedicated to both gods? Maybe, evidence from the Sabaean civilization confirm the existence of temples dedicated to multiple gods. (Please note that this article is in Arabic)

scholarly journals Iftā’ and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Saheed Ahmad Rufai
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Summer Institute ◽  
International Institute ◽  
The West ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Philosophical Orientation ◽  
Analytical Reasoning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intellectual Skills

In his review of Maha Elkaisy-Friemuth’s Gods and Humans in IslamicThought: Abdul-Jabbār, Ibn Sīna and al-Ghazāli (Abingdon: Routledge,2006), Sajjad Rizvi (2008) identifies three paths proposed by three influentialmedieval thinkers as characterizing the interconnected nature of intellectualinquiry in Islam: Abd al-Jabbar (d. 1025), regarded as representing the kalām tradition, Ibn Sina (d. 1037) of the philosophical orientation, and al-Ghazali(d. 1111) of the Sufi tradition. If Rizvi had accurately added the juridical orjurisprudential dimension to Elkaisy-Friemuth’s perspective, his review wouldhave panoramically captured the essence of Islam’s intellectual tradition. Theelegant book under review, Iftā and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West,edited by Zulfiqar Ali Shah, has taken care of that major omission in whatmay be described as a virtually all-encompassing look at emerging concernsin iftā’ (formulating a fatwa) and fatwa (issuing a fatwa).The book features an introduction by the editor and eight chapters byscholars in the various foci of the subject covered. The introduction situatesthe book’s subject in a historical context and exposes its indebtedness tothe seminar convened during July 2011 by the International Institute of IslamicThought’s (IIIT) Summer Institute for Scholars, which addressed thistopic. The editor attributes the emergence of consensus on the chaotic natureof the contemporary processes of both iftā’ and fatwa to the seminar.He then identifies the intellectual skills required for analytical reasoning,as well as the broad general knowledge of the fields relevant to the culturalcontexts of their verdicts, as the strength that characterized the excellentperformance of scholars in fatwa formulation and issuance from the riseof the Abbasids in 750 to the fall of Andalusia in 1492. Conversely, contemporaryknowledge is fragmented into specializations and sub-specializations,all of which can hardly be mastered by one scholar or group ofscholars. The editor, who engages critically with various issues and concernsinvolved in the contemporary formulation and issuance of fatwa, alsoprovides a brief description of each chapter’s subject. However, the wordal-fiqh al-istidlālī (demonstrative fiqh) is wrongly rendered as fiqh alistighlālī(p. 10) ...

scholarly journals INTRIGUES BEHIND THE HAREM WALL: SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL CONSTRUCTION OF LIFE BEHIND THE HAREM OF SULTAN SULAIMAN I

Al-Albab ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Hendry Ar.
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
The West ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
Academic Review

The urgency of exploring the history of the harem is important, not only because of being a rare phenomenon today or no longer in existence but perhaps this work is like opening the pandora’s box, a nightmare for women. This paper is presented as an academic review to portrait the fact that power is always in contact with wealth and attractive women, especially during a period when patriarchy was dominant. Sultan Sulaiman I was in power between 1520 to 1566 AD, in the 16th century AD. In western literature, Sultan Sulaiman was known as Suleyman the Magnificent. The work concludes, first, that the harem to the people of the Middle East in the medieval times was considered respectable for the family, especially for women both in the context of the imperial and domestic harem, where it was constructed in the name of honor, comfort and safety for women. Second, the construction of social, cultural and religious institutions of harem is the integration between the will to protect and maintain the honor of women, the concept of marriage in Islam and the patriarchal system hegemony in the Islamic world particularly in the context of the imperial harem. Third, the role of Sulaiman I who was “brave” to go against the tradition that had been practiced for many years in the Ottoman Empire, a milestone was important for the emancipation of women of the harem. Finally, to respond to the harem tradition, we must be in an impartial position, between the construction of the West and East.

Malik Bennabi and the Intellectual Problems of the Muslim Ummah

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
Fawzia Bariun
Keyword(s):  
Muslim World ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Multiple Symptoms ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Muslim Scholars

In the last several decades, Muslim and non-Muslim scholars havestudied the causes of the Muslim ummah‘s decline. As thes scholars havedifferent frames of reference and different political and cultural orientations,each group tends to view the issue according to its own understanding.However, the outcome of these studies are marred by major methadologicaldefects that have made it impossible for the authors to move beyond a merecategorization of the multiple symptoms of that malady.Most non-Muslim scholars ascribe the Muslim world’s backwatdness toIslam. Such a conclusion mflects the confmntational stand of the West towardsthe Muslim world. Although the numerous writings on the subject havebeen called ”scientific” and "academic,” in reality they are mostly defensiveand far fmm truly objective.’Muslim thinkers and reformers, while admitting the fact of the ummah’sdisintegration, have reached a different conclusion: Muslims, not Islam, haveto change? Questions as to how and why this change should take place, aswell as to who should undertake it, have remained largely incomplete andinconclusive for a variety of political and cultural circumstances. One majorweakness was that most of the studies were descriptive, as opposed to analytical,in nature. If there were any analysis at all, it was mainly theoretical andsuperficial. The lack of freedom on different levels also interfered with ...

scholarly journals MAKNA TUTURAN DALAM PENYELESAIAN PELANGGARAN ADAT MAMBOLOSUAKO MASYARAKAT TOLAKI

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Ino
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This article studies about one of cultural products at Tolaki ethnic in South-East Sulawesi Province. The cultural product is mombolusuako.  Mombolosuako is a tradition in Tolaki society, in which someone, a man, did a breach of custom that usually happen when the relationship between the girl and the young man is not agreed by the parents and when the girl and the man have different social status. Because it is a breach of custom, there should be a solution according to the custom. In solving this problem (mombolasuako), the custom provides two steps rembinggare and mesokei. The method used in research is descriptive qualitative method. The subject of research is the informants mastering in uttering the solution of the breach of custom (Mombolasuako) in Tolaki society in Lambuya subdistrict. This study is done by using semantic and pragmatic approach. In solving the mombolasuako the people use the language with particular characteristics that is different from their daily language. The language emphasizes beauty especially in its use of language speech and metaphors.  The rembinggare is meaningful for the man family, as to show his intention to solve the problem, and it is meaningful for the family of the girl as the solution of the problem so that they will be avoided from shame.  In the process of mesokei there is a negotiation and settlement among two families to get the best solution for both of them.

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