Preharvest Effects of Applying Glyphosate to Soybeans (Glycine max)

Over a 4-yr period, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was applied over-the-top to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] at five rates, from 0.56 to 3.36 kg/ha, at four periods of time prior to harvest, 23 to 29 days, 15 to 21 days, 7 to 12 days, and 1 to 4 days. Soybean yields were reduced when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest. Soybean seed were discolored following all five rates of glyphosate applied 23 to 29 days before harvest, following glyphosate at 1.12 to 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest, and following glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha applied 7 to 12 days before harvest. Germination of soybean seed was reduced at 30 C only when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest, or at 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest. At alternating temperatures (10.6 C for 72 h followed by 30 C for 72 h), all treatments applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced soybean seed germination; glyphosate at 1.12, 1.68, and 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest also reduced germination. Seed from plots treated with glyphosate 23 to 29 or 15 to 21 days before harvest produced atypical soybean plants. Glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced the oil content in soybean seed, but none of the treatments consistently affected the protein content.

Download Full-text

Environmental Effects on Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr) Production in Central and South Germany

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10121847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1847

Author(s):

Olena Sobko ◽

Andreas Stahl ◽

Volker Hahn ◽

Sabine Zikeli ◽

Wilhelm Claupein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Protein Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Oil Content ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Maturity Group ◽

High Solar Radiation ◽

Glycine Max L

The cultivation area of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is increasing in Germany as a way to ensure self-sufficiency through its use as feed and food. However, climatic conditions needed for soybean cultivation are not appropriate in all parts of the country. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation on soybean seed productivity and quality in central and south Germany. A multi-factorial field trial was carried out with three replicates at four locations in 2016 and five locations in 2017, testing 13 soybean varieties from the maturity groups MG 00 and MG 000. Considering all the tested factors, “variety” was highly significant concerning protein content (Ø 41.1% dry matter (DM)) and oil content (Ø 19.1% in DM), but not seed yield (Ø 40.5 dt ha−1).The broad sense heritability of protein content was H2 = 0.80 and of oil content H2 = 0.7. Protein and oil content were significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.82). Seed yield was significantly positively correlated with solar radiation (r = 0.32) and precipitation (r = 0.33), but significantly negatively with Crop Heat Units (CHU) (r = −0.42). Over both experimental years, varieties from maturity group MG 00 were less significantly correlated with the tested environmental factors than varieties from maturity group MG 000. None of the environmental factors tested significantly increased the protein or oil content of soybean. In growing areas with heat periods during ripening, protein content tended to be higher than in cooler areas; in areas with high solar radiation during flowering, protein content tended to be reduced.

Download Full-text

Pathogenesis of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Soybean (Glycine max) and Expression of Chimeric Rabies Peptide in Virus-Infected Soybean Plants

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2001.91.10.941 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 91 (10) ◽

pp. 941-947 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nina Fleysh ◽

Deepali Deka ◽

Maria Drath ◽

Hilary Koprowski ◽

Vidadi Yusibov

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Value Added ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Seed Formation ◽

Soybean Plants

Infection of soybean (Glycine max) plants inoculated with particles of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) isolate 425 at 12 days after germination was monitored throughout the life cycle of the plant (vegetative growth, flowering, seed formation, and seed maturation) by western blot analysis of tissue samples. At 8 to 10 days after inoculation, the upper uninoculated leaves showed symptoms of virus infection and accumulation of viral coat protein (CP). Virus CP was detectable in leaves, stem, roots, seedpods, and seed coat up to 45 days postinoculation (dpi), but only in the seedpod and seed coat at 65 dpi. No virus accumulation was detected in embryos and cotyledons at any time during infection, and no seed transmission of virus was observed. Soybean plants inoculated with recombinant AlMV passaged from upper uninoculated leaves of infected plants showed accumulation of full-length chimeric AlMV CP containing rabies antigen in systemically infected leaves and seed coat. These results suggest the potential usefulness of plants and plant viruses as vehicles for producing proteins of biomedical importance in a safe and inexpensive manner. Moreover, even the soybean seed coat, treated as waste tissue during conventional processing for oil and other products, may be utilized for the expression of value-added proteins.

Download Full-text

Exploring the Phenotypic Stability of Soybean Seed Compositions Using Multi-Trait Stability Index Approach

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112200 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2200

Author(s):

Ahmed M. Abdelghany ◽

Shengrui Zhang ◽

Muhammad Azam ◽

Abdulwahab S. Shaibu ◽

Yue Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Oil Content ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Stability Index ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Quality Traits ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Trait Stability ◽

Soybean Genotypes

In order to ensure an ongoing and long-term breeding progress of soybean, stable sources of major quality traits across multi-environments need to be identified. Here, a panel of 135 soybean genotypes was tested in three different Chinese environments, including Beijing, Anhui, and Hainan during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to identify stable genotypes for cultivation under varying environmental conditions. The weighted average of absolute scores biplot (WAASB) for the best linear unbiased predictions of the genotype-environment interaction and multi-trait stability index (MTSI) were utilized to determine the stability of the soybeans for seven seed composition traits viz; protein content, oil content, and five fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids). Based on the WAASB index, the following genotypes were identified as stable genotypes for some specific traits; ZDD12828 and ZDD12832 for protein content, WDD01583 and WDD03025 for oil content, ZDD23040 for palmitic acid, WDD00033 for stearic acid, ZDD23822 for oleic acid, ZDD11183 for linoleic acid, and ZDD08489 for linolenic acid. Furthermore, based on MTSI at a selection intensity of 10%, 14 soybean genotypes were selected for their average performance and stability. Overall, the MTSI was shown to be a powerful and simple tool for identifying superior genotypes in terms of both performance and stability, hence, identifying stable soybean genotypes for future breeding programs of quality traits.

Download Full-text

Bentazon Applied Postemergence for Economical Control of Common Cocklebur in Soybeans

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500066248 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 391-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C. G. McWhorter ◽

J. M. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Field Research ◽

Foreign Material ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Over The Top

Effectiveness of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] for control of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] was evaluated in field research over a 3-yr period. Bentazon, applied over-the-top at 0.6 to 1.1 kg/ha, controlled common cocklebur more effectively than over-the-top or directed applications of dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 0.8 to 1.7 kg/ha or 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] at 0.2 kg/ha. Single applications of bentazon were highly effective for control of common cocklebur, but multiple applications usually provided the best control and highest soybean yields. A preemergence treatment of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] at 1.1 kg/ha and a postemergence application of bentazon at 1.1 kg/ha provided 92 to 99% control of common cocklebur. Control of common cocklebur with bentazon reduced discounts in harvested soybean seed caused by excessive moisture content and foreign material. The reduction in discounts improved soybean seed grades.

Download Full-text

Interrelations of Tillage and Weed Control for Soybean (Glycine max) Production

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450007942x ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 830-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Charles L. Webber ◽

Harold D. Kerr ◽

Maurice R. Gebhardt

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Weed Control ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Soybean Plants

A 3-yr (1982, 1983, and 1984) study was conducted to determine the relationship between tillage and six weed control treatments for soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams 79′] production on silt loam (Udollic and Mollic Ochraqualfs). Conventional tillage consisted of spring moldboard plowing and secondary tillage with a combination tool just before planting. No-tillage consisted of a foliar application of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at the time of planting. Weed control treatments included combinations of no weed control with and without soybean plants, preemergence herbicide application only, postemergence herbicide application only, and combined preemergence and postemergence applications with and without additional handweeding. In 1982, a year of above-normal seasonal rainfall, conventional tillage had significantly greater soybean grain yields than no-tillage for all weed control treatments except the preemergence-only treatment. Yields within tillage systems and between weed control treatments in 1982 were not significantly different because adequate rainfall reduced the effect of weed competition for soil moisture. Soybean seed yields in 1983 and 1984 in no-tillage were equal to or significantly greater than those of conventional tillage. No-tillage treatments had greater soil moisture conservation and soil moisture availability resulting in less plant water stress during podfilling in periods of drought in 1983 and 1984. In all 3 yr, conventional tillage had significantly greater early weed growth than no-tillage in the treatments with and without soybean plants where no preemergence or postemergence herbicides were used. Comparing treatments with and without soybean plants indicated an average increase of 36 and 38% weed control for no-tillage and conventional tillage, respectively.

Download Full-text

Response of Weeds and Soybeans to Amiben and Naptalam Individually and in Mixtures with Dinoseb

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500054503 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 446-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ellis W. Hauser ◽

W. H. Marchant

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Protein Content ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Loamy Sand ◽

Naphthylphthalamic Acid ◽

Total Oil

On Tifton loamy sand, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (naptalam) controlled weeds much better, and injured soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] much less, when mixed with 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and applied as a delayed preemergence treatment, than when it was applied alone immediately after planting. Differences attributable to either timing of application or to mixing with dinoseb were not as marked for 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) as for naptalam. Neither amiben, naptalam, nor mixtures of these two herbicides with dinoseb adversely affected germination, weight per seed, or total oil and protein content of the harvested soybean seed.

Download Full-text

Simultaneous changes in seed size, oil content and protein content driven by selection of SWEET homologues during soybean domestication

National Science Review ◽

10.1093/nsr/nwaa110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 1776-1786 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shoudong Wang ◽

Shulin Liu ◽

Jie Wang ◽

Kengo Yokosho ◽

Bin Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Seed Size ◽

Oil Content ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Single Gene ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Elite Allele ◽

Soybean Domestication ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Soybean accounts for more than half of the global production of oilseed and more than a quarter of the protein used globally for human food and animal feed. Soybean domestication involved parallel increases in seed size and oil content, and a concomitant decrease in protein content. However, science has not yet discovered whether these effects were due to selective pressure on a single gene or multiple genes. Here, re-sequencing data from >800 genotypes revealed a strong selection during soybean domestication on GmSWEET10a. The selection of GmSWEET10a conferred simultaneous increases in soybean-seed size and oil content as well as a reduction in the protein content. The result was validated using both near-isogenic lines carrying substitution of haplotype chromosomal segments and transgenic soybeans. Moreover, GmSWEET10b was found to be functionally redundant with its homologue GmSWEET10a and to be undergoing selection in current breeding, leading the the elite allele GmSWEET10b, a potential target for present-day soybean breeding. Both GmSWEET10a and GmSWEET10b were shown to transport sucrose and hexose, contributing to sugar allocation from seed coat to embryo, which consequently determines oil and protein contents and seed size in soybean. We conclude that past selection of optimal GmSWEET10a alleles drove the initial domestication of multiple soybean-seed traits and that targeted selection of the elite allele GmSWEET10b may further improve the yield and seed quality of modern soybean cultivars.

Download Full-text

Enhanced attachment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to soybean through reduced root colonization of internally seedborne microorganisms

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w00-030 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 600-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Nathan W Oehrle ◽

Dale B Karr ◽

Robert J Kremer ◽

David W Emerich

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Seedling Development ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Root Tip ◽

Surface Sterilization ◽

Soybean Seedlings

Internally seedborne microorganisms are those surviving common surface sterilization procedures. Such microbes often colonize the radicle surface of a germinating soybean (Glycine max) seed, introducing an undefined parameter into studies on attachment and infection by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Bacterial isolates from surface-sterilized soybean seed, cv. Williams 82 and cv. Maverick, used in our studies, were identified as Agrobacterium radiobacter, Aeromonas sp., Bacillus spp., Chryseomonas luteola, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Growth of these microbes during seed germination was reduced by treating germinating seeds with 500 µg/mL penicillin G. The effects of this antibiotic on seedling development and on B. japonicum 2143 attachment, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation are reported here. Penicillin G treatment of seeds did not reduce seed germination or root tip growth, or affect seedling development. No differences in nodulation kinetics, nitrogen fixation onset or rates were observed. However, the number of B. japonicum attached to treated intact seedlings was enhanced 200-325%, demonstrating that other root-colonizing bacteria can interfere with rhizobial attachment. Penicillin G treatment of soybean seedlings can be used to reduce the root colonizing microbes, which introduce an undefined parameter into studies of attachment of B. japonicum to the soybean root, without affecting plant development.Key words: internally seedborne microorganisms, penicillin G, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, microbial attachment, soybean (Glycine max).

Download Full-text

Improving seed oil and protein content in Brassicaceae: some new genetic insights from Arabidopsis thaliana

OCL ◽

10.1051/ocl/2018047 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. D603 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sophie Jasinski ◽

Fabien Chardon ◽

Nathalie Nesi ◽

Alain Lécureuil ◽

Philippe Guerche

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Protein Content ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Western Europe ◽

Oil Content ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Seed Protein ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Model Plant ◽

Increase Protein Content

Western Europe oleoproteaginous species like rapeseed mainly accumulate oil and protein in their seeds. To become competitive with soybean, seed protein quantity and quality should be improved in rapeseed. The negative correlation existing between seed protein and oil content apparently prevents the possibility to increase protein content without affecting oil content. Exploration of natural and induced genetic variability in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana allows the identification of several genotypes impaired in this negative correlation. Different genetic approaches have been undertaken in order to isolate genetic factors responsible for the tight control of seed oil and protein homeostasis and this negative correlation. Once isolated in this model plant, such genetic determinants will be identified in important crops such as rapeseed or other oilseed crops in order to manipulate both components independently and thus produce on purposed seeds. In the long term, this research will help breed new varieties that could contribute to reduce Europe’s dependence on US soybean import.

Download Full-text

Seed Yield, Seed Protein, Oil Content, and Agronomic Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Depending on Different Seeding Systems and Cultivars in Germany

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10071020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1020

Author(s):

Olena Sobko ◽

Sabine Zikeli ◽

Wilhelm Claupein ◽

Sabine Gruber

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Protein Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Oil Content ◽

Seed Protein ◽

Row Spacing ◽

System A ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Plant Characteristics

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of the most important crops worldwide. In several European countries such as Germany, soybean cultivation is not traditional and as such remains to be optimized. One option to increase soybean production is to adapt and improve the seeding system. To investigate the effects of different seeding systems on seed yield, seed protein, and oil content, plant characteristics were assessed using a two-factorial (two seeding systems and four cultivars) field trial over two years (2017–2018) at two locations in southeast Germany. The seeding systems were drill (row spacing 14 cm) and precision seeding (row spacing 28 cm), and the cultivars were Viola 000, Lissabon 000, ES Mentor 00, and Orion 00. Depending on the seeding system, a seed yield of 3.8 t ha−1 dry matter (DM), 40.9% protein content (DM), and 18.8% oil content (DM) was achieved by drilling, and 3.6 t ha−1 yield (DM), 40.1% protein content (DM), and 19.1% oil content (DM) with precision seeding (average across four cultivars, two locations, and two years). No significant effects of the seeding system on all seed and plant characteristics were observed. As drilling and precision seeding did not affect the seed yield, seed protein, oil contents, and plant characteristics of soybean in this study, farmers are able to choose the seeding system which fits best into their farms and is economically most viable.

Download Full-text