Dinitroaniline Herbicides for Weed Control in Peas

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Harvey ◽  
G.L. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Eight substituted dinitroaniline herbicides were studied for relative effectiveness in controlling weeds and for tolerance of peas (Pisum sativumL.). Greenhouse trials comparing 10-5M herbicide solutions added to washed silica sand indicated that trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluroro-2,6-dinitro-N,N,-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) were the most phytotoxic to peas. Field trials conducted over a 3-yr period using 0.84 and 1.68 kg/ha application rates demonstrated that all eight of the herbicides successfully controlled the weeds present. Use of trifluralin resulted in the lowest shelled pea yields at both rates of application. Significant reductions in yield occurred from the 1.68 kg/ha rate of trifluralin in 1973 and 1975 when compared with the untreated checks. While major differences did not occur between the other chemicals, the greatest average pea yields resulted from the use of oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), dinitramine, and fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)analine].

Response of Processing Peas(Pisum sativum)and Annual Weeds to Acetanilide Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Jordan ◽  
R. G. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Glycine Ethyl Ester ◽  
Annual Weeds

The relative effectiveness of eight acetanilide herbicides for controlling annual weeds in processing peas(Pisum sativumL.) was evaluated in field studies and the susceptibility of peas to injury from these herbicides was studied in both the field and greenhouse. Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] was the most phytotoxic to peas grown in washed silica sand in the greenhouse when the herbicides were applied at concentrations of 2 and 8 mg/L. Field trials conducted over a 2-yr period and simulated rainfall experiments in the greenhouse demonstrated that the phytotoxicity to peas by acetanilide herbicides applied preemergence at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha was greatly influenced by subsequent rainfall. When 2.5 cm of simulated rainfall were applied immediately after herbicide application, pea injury increased. Injury to peas was avoided in the field by delaying alachlor application at 2.2 kg/ha until peas began to emerge. This treatment also gave excellent control of annual grass weeds. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that injury to peas by all eight acetanilide herbicides at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha could be avoided by delaying application until pea emergence. Alachlor, propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] gave slightly superior weed control than butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)diethylacetanilide] and H 22234 [N-chloroacetyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-glycine ethyl ester].

EFFICACY OF THREE DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN PROCESSING PEAS AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOILS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. N. JENSEN ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
J. A. IVANY
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
One Year ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The efficacy and relative persistence of dinitramine (N′,N′-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2-4-diamine), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and trifluralin (α,α,α -trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-diproply-p-toluidine) were studied in a series of field trials conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (P.E.I.) and on a Somerset loamy sand (N.S.). Phytotoxicity, as reflected by weed control and injury to the peas (Pisum sativum L.), was greater on the sandy soil and herbicide rates recommended for the region may reduce yields on light soil types. The margin of crop tolerance was also reduced in one year characterized by an extremely wet growing season. Under field conditions, there was little practical difference in weed control obtained with the three herbicides. Dinitramine and ethalfluralin were more persistent in the Somerset sand than in the Charlottetown sandy loam. The order of decreasing persistence was trifluralin>ethalfluralin>dinitramine, except in the Somerset sand where the persistence of ethalfluralin and trifluralin was similar. Significant detectable levels of all three herbicides remained 320 days after application.Key words: Processing peas, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, trifluralin, residue

scholarly journals Optimising tine weeding in organic pea crops

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dastgheib
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Positive Effect

Field trials were undertaken over three years to determine the effect of tine weeding in organic pea (Pisum sativum) crops in Canterbury The tine weeding treatments were performed either as single or repeated passes at different times of crop growth Significant weed control and yield increase were achieved with a single pass of tine weeding either at preemergence or at the 2leaf stage of the crop On some occasions two passes of tine were required to control new weeds Late postemergence tine weeding did not have a positive effect on pea yield

scholarly journals Weed control and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in Malete, Kwara State of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Oyamedan Imoloame
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
State University ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Statistical Analysis Software ◽  
Range Test

AbstractThe need to determine the minimum application rates of commonly used herbicides in Malete and the Guinea savanna of Nigeria for effective weed control and higher grain yield of maize, triggered this study. Therefore, field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Kwara State University, Malete, to determine the weed control method that will be more effective in controlling weeds and give higher grain yield and cash returns in the production of maize. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments viz: primextra (metolachlor plus atrazine) + 2,4-D at 1.5 + 1.5 kg active ingredient (a.i.).ha−1, primextra + 2,4-D at 2.0 + 2.0 kg a.i. ha−1, primextra + 2,4-D at 2.5 + 2.5 kg ha−1, primextra + nicosulfuron at 1.5 + 0.03 kg a.i. ha−1, primextra + nicosulfuron at 2.0 + 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1, primextra + niconsulfuron at 2.5 + 0.07 kg a.i. ha−1, primextra at 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 + one Supplementary Hoe Weeding (SHW) at 6 Weeks After Sowing (WAS), two hand weeding at 3 and 6 Weeks After Sowing (WAS) and a weedy check. These treatments were laid out in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) package, after which means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that treatment combinations of primextra + one SHW at 6 WAS, two hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS, primextra + 2,4-D at 2.0 + 2.0 kg a.i. ha−1 and primextra + nicosulfuron at 2.0+0.05 kg a.i. ha−1 gave effective weed control, higher grain yield and cash returns. Therefore, primextra at 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 + one SHW at 6 WAS, primextra +2,4-D at 2.0 + 2.0 kg a.i. ha−1 and primextra + nicosulfuron at 2.0 + 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1 are recommended to farmers as alternative to two hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS.

Influence of Herbicide Application Rate, Timing, and Interrow Cultivation on Weed Control and Corn (Zea mays) Yield in Glufosinate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Resistant Corn

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Tharp ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Application Rates

Field trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the influence of glufosinate and glyphosate application rates, application timings, and interrow cultivation on weed control and corn yield. Glufosinate-ammonium rates ranged from 0.18 to 0.41 kg ai/ha, while rates for the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate ranged from 0.21 to 0.84 kg ae/ha. Increasing rates of glufosinate and glyphosate often improved weed control. Control of many of the weed species was improved by delaying herbicide application timing. Weed control was most consistent from late postemergence (LPOST) applications of glufosinate at 0.41 kg ai/ha or glyphosate at 0.84 kg ae/ha. Corn yields were reduced due to incomplete weed control when the lowest rate of glufosinate was applied. Weed control from early postemergence (EPOST) glufosinate and glyphosate applications followed by cultivation was similar to weed control from LPOST glufosinate and glyphosate applications without cultivation. Interrow cultivation following glufosinate or glyphosate application did not affect corn yield.

Suppression of Root Diseases and Weeds in Peas(Pisum sativum)Treated with Dinitrophenol and Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Sacher ◽  
H. J. Hopen ◽  
B. J. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Disease Severity Index ◽  
Aphanomyces Euteiches ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and certain dinitroaniline herbicides suppressed root rot caused byAphanomyces euteichesDrechs. and other fungal pathogens in peas(Pisum sativumL.). Dinoseb was the most effective. At 6.72 kg/ha pre-plant incorporated (PPI) it reduced the disease severity index (DSI) in glasshouse bioassays to the level considered safe for general use by commercial growers. In fields tests disease severity was reduced and yield of peas was increased with dinoseb. Dinitroaniline herbicides reduced DSI values to the level considered safe for early crop peas. A simplified DSI method of measuring root rot based on mid-season root symptoms was found to be effective. Weed control was superior with the dinitroanilines and propachlor (2-chloro-N-isoproylacetanilide). Dinoseb significantly reduced weed populations relative to untreated plots. Several dinitroaniline treatments caused stunting and stand reduction.

Short Communication: Influence of manganese on efficacy of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Crop Injury

Soltani, N., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. Short Communication: Influence of manganese on efficacy of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1061–1064. Four field trials were conducted from 2007 to 2010 in Ontario to evaluate the effect of various manganese (Mn) formulations (Mn1, Ecoman 5% Mn; Mn2, MangaMax 5.5% Mn; Mn3, ManMax 5.5% Mn; Mn4, Superman 5% Mn; Mn5, Stoller This 5% Mn; Mn6, Nortrace 6% Mn-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate); Mn7, Nortrace 22% Mn and Mn8, WolfTrax 33% Mn) applied at 2.0 kg actual Mn ha−1 on glyphosate efficacy at 900 g a.e. ha−1 in glyphosate-resistant soybean. The tank mix of glyphosate plus Mn4, Mn6 or Mn8 caused as much as 6, 17 and 4% injury in soybean, respectively. There was minimal crop injury (0–1.4%) with other Mn tank mixes. The addition of Mn4 or Mn6 to glyphosate did not antagonize glyphosate efficacy on the weeds evaluated (AMARE, AMBEL, CHEAL and SETVI). The other Mn formulations antagonized glyphosate efficacy for the control of AMARE, AMBEL, CHEAL or SETVI under some environments. The addition of Mn3 or Mn6 to glyphosate reduced soybean yield as much as 15 and 10% compared with glyphosate alone, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that glyphosate and manganese applications be applied sequentially to avoid weed control antagonism and maximize soybean yield.

EFFECTS OF PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES and PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: A RESEARCH REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpita Rajawat
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Pedagogical Approaches

The relative effectiveness of different pedagogical approaches and pedagogies in early childhood has raised substantial debate. While the other are associated with the acquisition of basic skills and knowledge and some of them are associated with socio-emotional development and problem-solving abilities. In general, research revealed both positive and negative effects of pedagogical approaches, without favouring specific pedagogical approaches over mainstream ones. However, it is important to note that research evidence and studies considering the same approaches in the same context are very limited. On the other hand, specific pedagogical practices are found to enhance child development, including high-quality interactions involving sustained-shared thinking methods, play-based learning, scaffolding, as well as a combination of staff- and child initiated activities. Research impacts pedagogy and pedagogical practices in the sense that research findings can inform policy makers and practitioners on best practices and what works best in enhancing staff performance, process quality and child development. Research on pedagogy and practices is usually not conducted at the national level, but focuses on particular programmes. So, research review has been used as a guide or manual to provide pedagogical guidance for Early Childhood Education (ECE) staff not only in India but also worldwide. The main focus of the study is that how of the best pedagogical practices and approaches across the country can be useful and implemented in early childhood education

Influence of Application Method on the Activity of Butylate and EPTC in Reduced-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Application Methods

Weed control in reduced-tillage corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3732′) with butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl) carbamothioate] and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbarnothioate) was not reduced when these herbicides were applied jointly with dry or liquid fertilizer. In most cases, application with fertilizer resulted in weed control similar to that observed when the herbicide was applied in water at 285 L/ha. Butylate applied as a granular formulation also gave weed control similar to the spray at 285 L/ha. Application in 95 L/ha of water consistently resulted in reduced weed control. Corn injury was not greatly influenced by application method, and differences in corn yield appeared to be due to differences in weed control. Growth chamber bioassays indicated that both butylate and EPTC dissipated more rapidly when applied in 95 L/ha of water than the other application methods, which may explain differences in weed control observed in the field.

Effect of weeds and nitrogen fertiliser on yield and grain protein concentration of wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
RW Madin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser

Field trials at Beverley (19911, Salmon Gums (1991; 2 sites) and Merredin (1992; 2 sites), each with 5 rates of nitrogen (N) and 3 levels of weed control, were used to investigate the effect of weeds and N on wheat grain yield and protein concentration during 1991 and 1992. Weeds in the study were grasses (G) and broadleaf (BL). Weeds reduced both vegetative dry matter yield and grain yield of wheat at all sites except for dry matter at Merredin (BL). Nitrogen fertiliser increased wheat dry matter yield at all sites. Nitrogen increased wheat grain yield at Beverley and Merredin (BL), but decreased yield at both Salmon Gums sites in 1991. Nitrogen fertiliser increased grain protein concentration at all 5 sites-at all rates for 3 sites [Salmon Gums (G) and (BL) and Merredin (G)] and at rates of 69 kg N/ha or more at the other 2 sites [Beverley and Merredin (BL)]. However, the effect of weeds on grain protein varied across sites. At Merredin (G) protein concentration was higher where there was no weed control, possibly due to competition for soil moisture by the greater weed burden. At Salmon Gums (G), grain protein concentration was greater when weeds were controlled than in the presence of weeds, probably due to competition for N between crop and weeds. In the other 3 trials, there was no effect of weeds on grain protein. The effect of weeds on grain protein appears complex and depends on competition between crop and weeds for N and for water at the end of the season, and the interaction between the two.

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