Development of Range Grass Seedlings Germinated in Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Scifres ◽  
J. C. Halifax
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Buchloe Dactyloides ◽  
Bouteloua Curtipendula ◽  
Radicle Elongation ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Digitaria Californica ◽  
Sideoats Grama

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) did not influence germination but differentially regulated postgermination growth of range grass seedlings. Radicle elongation of buffalograss(Buchloe dactyloides[Nutt] Elgelm.), sideoats grama(Bouteloua curtipendula[Michx.] Torr.)3, and switchgrass(Panicum virgatumL.) in petri dishes was reduced by 125 ppb picloram, whereas shoot elongation was not retarded by 1,000 ppb. Buffalograss, sideoats grama, and switchgrass seedlings, germinated in soil containing 500 ppb picloram, were usually not reduced in topgrowth production. However, topgrowth production of Arizona cottontop(Digitaria californica[Benth.] Henr.) and vine mesquite(Panicum obtusumH. B. K.) was reduced by 125 to 250 ppb of picloram in soil. Relative tolerance to picloram was ranked buffalograss, sideoats grama>switchgrass>vine mesquite, Arizona cottontop.

Influence of Antidotes on Forage Grass Seedling Response to Metolachlor and Butylate

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy S. Griffin ◽  
Lowell E. Moser ◽  
Alex R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Andropogon Gerardii ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Bouteloua Curtipendula ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Sideoats Grama

Field studies were conducted for 3 yr near Mead, NE, to evaluate the effectiveness of seed safeners CGA-92194 [N-(1,3-dioxalon-2-yl-methoxy)iminobenzeneacetonitrile], NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride), and R-29148 (2,2-dimethyl-5-methyldichloroacetyloxazolidine) to reduce herbicide injury to big bluestem (Andropogon gerardiiVitman), indiangrass[Sorghastrum nutans(L.) Nash], intermediate wheatgrass[Agropyron intermedium(Host.) Beauv.], sideoats grama[Bouteloua curtipendula(Michx.) Torr.], and switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.) from preplant-incorporated butylate [5-ethyl bis-(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N- (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) -N- (2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)acetamide], applied at 4.5 and 2.2 kg ai/ha, respectively. Big bluestem stands were satisfactory, regardless of herbicide or safener treatment, although stands were reduced by NA treatment with either herbicide. Indiangrass stands varied by year, with protection from both herbicides by R-29148 in 1984 and by NA in 1985. All safeners reduced injury to intermediate wheatgrass from metolachlor and to a lesser extent from butylate; acceptable stands were obtained with metolachlor treatment when unsafened. Sideoats grama was nearly eliminated with either herbicide, regardless of safener. Switchgrass treated with NA produced stands two- to threefold higher than other safened or unsafened seed in metolachlor plots and equal to unsafened seed in the weeded control plots.

Influence of Dicamba on Development of Range Grass Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-416
Author(s):  
J. C. Halifax ◽  
C. J. Scifres
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Bouteloua Curtipendula ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Sideoats Grama

Seedlings of switchgrass(Panicum virgatumL. ‘Blackwell’), sideoats grama(Bouteloua curtipendula[Michx.] Torr. ‘Premier’), and native vine mesquite(Panicum obtusumH. B. K.) tolerated 0.28 kg/ha of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) applied preemergence. After emergence, sideoats grama tolerated 0.56 kg/ha dicamba. Preemergence or postemergence applications of 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha severely retarded shoot production of all three species. Soil residues in the surface 2.5 cm reduced root production of grass seedlings, whereas placement of dicamba 7.6 or 15.2 cm deep was not detrimental. All grass species germinated and grew for 21 days in soil containing up to 63 ppb of dicamba without reduction in shoot production. Overall order of susceptibility to dicamba was ranked as vine mesquite > switchgrass > sideoats grama.

Identifying Native Prairie Grass Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 450e-451
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Gaynor ◽  
Mary Hockenberry Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Switch Grass ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Prairie Restorations ◽  
Sideoats Grama

There is great interest in prairie gardens and prairie restorations in the central United States. Small prairie gardens are often established with plugs, but most restorationists and landscape contractors use seed for large plantings. If initial establishment is poor, restorations are often interseeded the second or third season. However, to evaluate early establishment and determine if interseeding is necessary, contractors must be able to identify native grasses in the seedling and juvenile stages. In this study we investigated vegetative characteristics of native prairie grass seedlings. Seven species of native prairie grass were grown in the greenhouse: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye), and Bromus kalmii (Kalmís brome). Every 2 to 3 weeks after germination, seedlings were photographed, pressed, and mounted. Additional photographs were taken through the dissecting scope at key stages of development. Ligules and auricles were found to be useful in distinguishing species, and our close-up photographs highlight these structures. Hairiness and color were variable within a species and could not be used reliably in identification. A seedling identification key will be presented for the species studied.

COMBINED EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIN AND 2,4-D ON DORMANT SEEDS OF STINKWEED (THLASPI ARVENSE L.)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Corns
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Germination And Growth

Concentrations of 50 and 500 p.p.m. gibberellin were used alone and in combination with 2,4-D sodium salt solutions ranging from 0.00001 to 8000 p.p.m. acid equivalent, in Petri dishes, with dormant seeds of stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), to determine the effects of these treatments or of subtoxic amounts of 2,4-D alone, on germination and growth. About 90% germination within 2 weeks was induced by the 50 p.p.m. gibberellin and was not augmented by the very dilute concentrations of 2,4-D. Complete germination occurred within only 8 days with 500 p.p.m. gibberellin alone. Strengths greater than approximately 0.02 p.p.m. of 2,4-D retarded shoot elongation and concentrations greater than about 0.5 p.p.m. of 2,4-D progressively reduced germination associated with either 50 or 500 p.p.m. gibberellin. Concentrations of 2,4-D higher than approximately 200 p.p.m. prevented both concentrations of gibberellin from causing any true germination. Beyond 200 p.p.m. of 2,4-D there was still, however, a broad range within which gibberellin was able to cause a definite initial phase of the germination process characterized simply by rupture of the seed coat without protrusion of root and stem. This response could not be prevented by 2,4-D at concentrations lower than 4000 p.p.m. in counteraction with 50 p.p.m. gibberellin, or at dosage lower than about 7000 p.p.m. in association with 500 p.p.m. gibberellin. Potential practical significance of the work is considered.

scholarly journals The Effect of Prescribed Burning at Different Fuel Moisture Levels on Vegetation and Soils of Grasslands in Wind Cave National Park

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
F. Gartner
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Bouteloua Curtipendula ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Sideoats Grama

One of the major grassland communities in Wind Cave National Park is the little bluestem - big bluestem - sideoats grama (Schizachyrium scoparius-Andropogon gerardi-Bouteloua curtipendula) Community. The effects of fire on the components of this plant community were deemed important because: 1) this warm season community occupies a significant portion of the grasslands of the Park; 2) the community occurs on soils that are usually shallow, rocky, and weakly developed and are, therefore, highly susceptible to erosion if the plant cover is reduced by fire; and 3) previous pilot studies have indicated a wide variation in response to fire by the major components of this community, possibly due to variations in fuel and soil moisture at the time of ignition.

scholarly journals SEASON OF SEED DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS GERMINATION OF LETTUCE SEED WITH HIGH TEMPERATURE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1148G-1149
Author(s):  
Margaret Mnichowicz ◽  
Janice Coons ◽  
John McGrady
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Lettuce Seed ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Measured Field ◽  
Petri Dishes

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination is inhibited at temperature higher than 25-30C. The extent of this inhibition varies between seed lots. Our objective was to determine how the season during which seed develops affects the ability of seeds to germinate and establish a stand at high temperatures. Lettuce seed, `Empire', was produced during 2 summers and 2 winters (1988 and 1989) in Yuma, AZ. These seeds were germinated at 20, 25, 30 or 35C in petri dishes or in growth pouches to determine percent germination or root lengths, respectively. Electrical conductivity of seed leachates was measured. Field emergence of seeds was tested with early fall plantings in Yuma, AZ. Percent seed germination was greater and root lengths were longer for the seeds produced in summer than in winter. Conductivity will be correlated with relative tolerance to high temperatures of the different seed lots. In the field, percent emergence of seed lots from summer and winter averaged 60% and 38%, respectively.

scholarly journals SEASON OF SEED DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS GERMINATION OF LETTUCE SEED WITH HIGH TEMPERATURE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1148g-1149
Author(s):  
Margaret Mnichowicz ◽  
Janice Coons ◽  
John McGrady
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Lettuce Seed ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Measured Field ◽  
Petri Dishes

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination is inhibited at temperature higher than 25-30C. The extent of this inhibition varies between seed lots. Our objective was to determine how the season during which seed develops affects the ability of seeds to germinate and establish a stand at high temperatures. Lettuce seed, `Empire', was produced during 2 summers and 2 winters (1988 and 1989) in Yuma, AZ. These seeds were germinated at 20, 25, 30 or 35C in petri dishes or in growth pouches to determine percent germination or root lengths, respectively. Electrical conductivity of seed leachates was measured. Field emergence of seeds was tested with early fall plantings in Yuma, AZ. Percent seed germination was greater and root lengths were longer for the seeds produced in summer than in winter. Conductivity will be correlated with relative tolerance to high temperatures of the different seed lots. In the field, percent emergence of seed lots from summer and winter averaged 60% and 38%, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Variation in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Cultivars for Rust (Puccinia emaculata) Resistance1

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Qunkang Cheng ◽  
Alan S. Windham ◽  
Kurt H. Lamour ◽  
Arnold M. Saxton ◽  
Mark T. Windham
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Horizontal Resistance ◽  
Panicum Virgatum L ◽  
Petri Dishes

Abstract Eleven switchgrass cultivars (eight ornamental and three agronomic) were inoculated with 40 switchgrass rust isolates collected from the southeastern U.S. to study host resistance, rust virulence and host/pathogen interactions by measuring urediniospore germination percentage, latent period, and the number of uredia and urediniospores produced per cm2 of leaf surface. In general, ornamental switchgrass cultivars had reduced number of uredia and urediniospores produced per cm2 than did agronomic cultivars. Rust isolates were variable for virulence in culture (on grass blades in petri dishes); however they could not be segregated into groups based on collection locations or years. The results of this study will provide information concerning durable horizontal resistance in switchgrass for the ornamental industry. Index words:, Switchgrass, leaf rust, resistance. Species used in the study: switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L., rust (Puccinia emaculata).

scholarly journals Genetic structure and temporal environmental niche dynamics of sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.] populations in Mexico

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254566
Author(s):  
Alan Álvarez-Holguín ◽  
Carlos Raúl Morales-Nieto ◽  
Raúl Corrales-Lerma ◽  
Jesús Alejandro Prieto-Amparán ◽  
Federico Villarreal-Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Bouteloua Curtipendula ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Sideoats Grama

In the past years, several plant breeding programs have been done to select outstanding genotypes of sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) for restoration purposes. Such programs have been focused mainly on agronomic traits; however, little attention has been paid to the genetic structure and environmental adaptation of the selected genotypes. Thus, in this study we evaluated the genetic structure of 85 sideoats grama populations in Mexico. In addition, we modeled the past, present and future environmental niche of the genetic clusters of this species. Ninety sideoats grama populations were genetically analyzed through AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) markers. The environmental niche of the population clusters was modeled by using the maximum entropy method. The genetic analysis separated the populations into two genetically different clusters (p = 0.0003). The differentiation of these lineages can be partially explained by the paleoclimatic events experienced during the last interglacial and glacial maximums. Consequently, the genetic clusters have different environmental niche at the present time. Suitability areas for the distribution of Cluster I are mainly located in the central part of the country while the environmental niche of Cluster II is located in the semiarid region, close to the mountain range of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Thus, selection and restoration programs with sideoats grama must be carried out using local germplasm from each environmental niche. Given the environmental niche of both genetic clusters will suffer changes in the near and mid-century future, climate change must be considered for genotypes selection and restoration programs.

scholarly journals (420) Germination and Radicle Elongation Responses of Seven Vegetable Crops to Aqueous Extracts of Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021D-1021
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Radicle Elongation ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Petri Dishes

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (HV) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (CP) are two leguminous cover crops used in vegetable production systems. The residues of both species have been shown to suppress weeds via allelopathic interactions; however, they may also carry a risk of crop injury. A laboratory experiment was designed to study the dose response of carrot, sweet corn, cucumber, lettuce, onion, pepper, and tomato germination and radicle elongation to the aqueous extracts of both HV and CP. Aqueous extracts of fresh, whole plants were lyophilized to obtain a dry powder. Treatments of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, and 8.00 g dry extract/L of distilled water were applied to 10 seeds on filter paper in petri dishes. The petri dishes were then sealed and placed in the dark at 21 °C for 4 to 7 days, depending on the species germination. After the incubation period, germination rates and radicle lengths were recorded. Each treatment had 4 replications and the full experiment was executed twice. Pepper germination was reduced by increasing concentrations of HV extract; however, all other crops were not affected by HV or CP extracts. The HV extract had a significant effect on radicle elongation in carrot, corn, cucumber, lettuce, onion, and tomato. Inhibition of radical growth at 8 g·L-1 ranged from 42% in cucumber to as high as 81% in carrot. The CP extract had a negative effect on the radicle elongation of carrot, corn, lettuce, and tomato. Inhibition at 8 g·L-1 ranged from 42% in carrot to 67% in tomato. This study shows that both HV and CP extracts hold the potential to negatively affect the listed crops. Therefore, studies need to be done on the persistence of these effects in the field to maximize weed control while avoiding crop injury.

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