Weed Seed Population Response to Tillage and Herbicide Use in Three Irrigated Cropping Sequences

Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of primary tillage (moldboard plowing and chisel plowing), secondary tillage (row cultivation), and herbicides on weed species changes in the soil seed bank in three irrigated row cropping sequences over a 3-yr period. The cropping sequences consisted of continuous corn for 3 yr (CN), continuous pinto beans for 3 yr (PB), and sugarbeets for 2 yr followed by corn in the third year (SB). A comparison between moldboard and chisel plowing indicated that weed seed were more prevalent near the soil surface after chisel plowing. The density of certain annual weed seed over the 3-yr period increased more rapidly in the seed bank after chisel plowing compared to moldboard plowing. Species exhibiting the most pronounced increase included hairy nightshade and stinkgrass in the PB cropping sequence and redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters in the SB sequence. Conversely, kochia seed density in the SB sequence decreased more rapidly in chisel-plowed plots. Row cultivation generally reduced seed bank densities of most species compared to uncultivated plots. Herbicide use in each cropping sequence produced a shift in the weed seed bank in favor of species less susceptible to applied herbicides. In particular, seed of hairy nightshade became prevalent in the PB cropping sequence, and seed of kochia, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters became prevalent in the SB sequence.

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Seed bank characterization and emergence of a weed community in a moldboard plow system

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450009247x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 54-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Dawit Mulugeta ◽

David E. Stoltenberg

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Soil Disturbance ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Viable Seeds ◽

Moldboard Plow

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to characterize the weed seed bank, to determine the influence of moldboard plowing and secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern of weeds, and to measure weed seed bank depletion by emergence in a long-term moldboard plow corn cropping system. Viable seeds of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and each of 10 other species accounted for about 85, about 9, and less than 1%, respectively, of the total weed species in the seed bank. A negative binomial distribution described the spatial distribution of viable seeds of 10 species, but not of common lambsquarters or of redroot pigweed. Decreased density of seeds among species was associated with increased aggregation. Secondary soil disturbance increased the rate and magnitude of common lambs quarters emergence in 1992 but did not influence emergence in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance did not influence the magnitude and rate of emergence of redroot pigweed or velvetleaf. Whereas cumulative growing degree days from April through July were similar between years, the amount of rainfall was about 50% less in 1992 than in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance may have increased common lambsquarters emergence by increasing the availability of soil moisture and improving conditions for seed germination during the dry year. Even though seed bank depletion by seedling emergence was relatively low for all species, secondary soil disturbance in creased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed about 7- and 3-fold, respectively, in 1992. Seasonal variation in the amount of rainfall may have influenced the effect of soil disturbance on emergence and seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters, which is the most abundant species in the weed community.

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Relation between Soil Weed Seedbank and Weed Management Practises and Diversity in Farms in Kisii Central Sub County, Nyanza

Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.10.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Charles N. Nyamwamu ◽

Rebecca Karanja ◽

Peter Mwangi

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Seed Bank ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Western Kenya ◽

Weed Diversity ◽

Hand Weeding

This study sought to determine the relation between soil weed seed bank and weed management practices and diversity in farms in Kisii Central Sub County, Western Kenya. Eight administrative sub-locations were randomly selected. Ten farms were selected at equal distance along transect laid across each sub-location. Weed soil seed bank was assessed from soil samples collected from each of the farms; a sub-sample was taken from a composite sample of ten soil cores of 5cm diameter and 15cm deep and placed in germination trays in a greenhouse. Weed diversity in soil weed seedbank was calculated using the Shannon index (H’). Twelve weed species from 12 genera of nine families were recorded. Diversity of the weed species in soil weed seed bank was (H'=1.48). Weed management practises significantly affected weed species soil weed seedbank reserves. Use of inefficient and ineffective hand-weeding techniques resulted in high weed species diversity and abundance.

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Time of Emergence of Eight Weed Species

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059087 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 327-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Alex G. Ogg ◽

Jean H. Dawson

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Salsola Kali ◽

Hairy Nightshade ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Emergence Patterns

Under irrigated field conditions at Prosser, WA, Russian thistle [Salsola kali(L.) var.tenuifoliaTausch. ♯3SASKR] began to emerge by mid-March each year and usually had completed its emergence by May 1. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. ♯ CHEAL) was the next to appear, usually during the third or fourth week of March. Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), hairy nightshade (Solarium sarrachoidesSendt. ♯ SOLSA), black nightshade (5.nigrumL. ♯ SOLNI), eastern black nightshade (S. ptycanthumDun.), and cutleaf nightshade (S. triflorumNutt. ♯ SOLTR) generally began to emerge during the first 2 weeks of April and emergence generally peaked mid-April to mid-May. Russian thistle and cutleaf nightshade had the most restricted emergence patterns, whereas seedlings of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, hairy nightshade, and black nightshade emerged each month from April through September. Shallow tillage at monthly intervals increased the overall emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, black nightshade, and eastern black nightshade; decreased the emergence of barnyardgrass; and had no effect on the emergence of Russian thistle, cutleaf nightshade, or hairy nightshade.

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Weed Seed Pools Concurrent with Corn and Soybean Harvest in Illinois

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-07-195.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 503-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Adam S. Davis

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Soil Seed Bank ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Seed Rain ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

East Central ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Central Illinois ◽

Prickly Sida

At the time of grain harvest, weed seeds can be classed into one of four pools on the basis of dispersal status and location: (1) undispersed, remaining on the mother plant; (2) dispersed in the current year, on the soil surface; (3) dispersed in the current year and collected by harvest machinery; and (4) dispersed in a previous year and persisting within the soil seed bank. Knowledge of the relative sizes of these seed pools for different weed species under different crop environments will be useful for determining the best way to reduce the size of inputs to the soil seed bank. In fall 2004 and fall 2005, four randomly selected commercially managed corn and soybean fields in east-central Illinois were sampled to quantify weed seed pools at time of crop harvest. Thirty randomly located 0.125-m2quadrats were placed within each field, the four seed pools mentioned above were sampled for each quadrat, and the species composition and abundance of each seed pool was determined. The magnitude of the weed seed rain varied among species and between years and crops. Twenty-six weed species were found to contribute to at least one of the four seed pools. However, the weed seed pools were consistently dominated by six species: velvetleaf,Amaranthuscomplex (redroot pigweed and waterhemp), ivyleaf morningglory, giant foxtail, prickly sida, and common cocklebur. For each of these species, the ratio of undispersed seeds to seeds in the soil seed bank at harvest time was ≥ 1 in at least one crop during one of the two experimental years, indicating a potential for the soil seed bank to be completely replenished or augmented by that year's seed rain. This analysis demonstrates the urgent need for techniques to limit weed seed inputs to the soil seed bank at the end of the growing season.

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Soil management systems and their effect on the weed seed bank

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018000400005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 435-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cesar Tiago Forte ◽

Leandro Galon ◽

Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽

Felipe José Menin Basso ◽

Felipe Nonemacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Seed Bank ◽

Block Design ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Crop Species ◽

Tillage System ◽

Winter Cover

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the density and composition of the soil weed seed bank when bean, corn, and soybean are cultivated in the no-tillage system (NTS) in rotation with winter cover crop species and in the conventional tillage system (CTS). The experiment was installed in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. The evaluation of the seed bank was performed on soil samples (0-10 and 10-20 cm) in four points of each experimental unit, at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days of cultivation. Bean, corn, and soybean crops were sown in the NTS with different soil cover crops in rotation, as well as in the CTS. The NTS provided a more dense and abundant soil seed bank of the species Gnaphalium spicatum and Oxalis corniculata when corn, soybean, and bean were cultivated. The species Lolium multiflorum showed lower density and less seeds in the soil seed bank when the NTS was adopted. The use of the winter cover crops black oat and cow vetch, cultivated individually or in consortium, resulted in a lower density of weed species, especially of L. multiflorum. The NTS provides a lower density of weed species in the soil seed bank than the CTS.

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SIMULATION OF INTEGRATED CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR OROBANCHE SPP. BASED ON A LIFE CYCLE MODEL

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s001447970100401x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 37-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

E. KEBREAB ◽

A. J. MURDOCH

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Soil Seed Bank ◽

Integrated Control ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Computer Simulation Model ◽

Weed Species ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

High Level

A computer simulation model was developed to investigate strategies for control of the parasitic weed species of Orobanche. The model makes use of data from published literature and predicts infestation levels in a dynamic and deterministic way. It is predicted that sustainable control of the parasite can only be achieved by reducing the soil seed bank to levels of 1000–2000 seeds m−2 and maintaining it at that level in subsequent years. When cultural control methods such as hand weeding, trap/catch cropping, delayed planting, resistant cultivars and solarization were considered individually, a relatively high level of effectiveness was required to contain the soil seed bank. An integrated approach with a selection of appropriate cultural methods is therefore recommended for further testing and validation in the field. The simulations demonstrate the importance of preventing new seeds entering the soil seed bank and that although reducing the soil seed bank may not increase yield for the first few years, it will ultimately increase production.

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Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-12-00120.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deborah Britschgi ◽

Peter Stamp ◽

Juan M. Herrera

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Plant Density ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Root Density ◽

Weed Species ◽

Belowground Competition ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Redroot Pigweed

Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.

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Evaluating the EPA's Comparative Product Performance Testing Guidelines for Herbicides in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00043712 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 215-222

Author(s):

Robin R. Bellinder ◽

Marija Arsenovic ◽

Jonathan J. Kirkwyland ◽

Russell W. Wallace

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Performance Testing ◽

Good Control ◽

Field Trials ◽

Weed Species ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Product Comparison

Following suggested guidelines developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), comparative snap bean herbicide performance field trials were conducted from 1993 to 1995 in New York. Data were obtained on crop injury, weed control, and weed biomass, and crop yield, quality, and losses during harvest. Trifluralin, EPTC, and pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and applications of metolachlor applied preemergence (PRE) provided less than adequate control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, and hairy galinsoga. Cultivation improved weed control with PPI and PRE applications. Metolachlor + fomesafen PRE provided good control of hairy galinsoga, adequate redroot pigweed control, and marginal control of common lambsquarters. Fomesafen applied postemergence (POST), combinations of metolachlor applied PRE with fomesafen or bentazon applied POST, and fomesafen + bentazon applied POST adequately controlled the three weed species without cultivation. Herbicide treatments had little measurable impact on snap bean quality or losses during harvest. Information from product comparison trials may be useful in developing recommendations for growers but may prove less than adequate in providing data necessary for a thorough evaluation of the relative benefits of individual herbicides as intended by EPA guidelines. Difficulties were encountered in following the guidelines, and costs of conducting the product comparison trials for a single crop in one growing region exceeded $90,000 over 3 yr.

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Effect of tillage method and weeding regime on soil weed seed bank status and yield performance of wheat

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v27i1.27528 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 9-19

Author(s):

MJ Khatun ◽

M Begum ◽

MM Hossain

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Bank ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Sonchus Arvensis ◽

Tillage Method ◽

Tillage Methods

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory and net house of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from November 2012 to March 2014. Wheat (cv. BARI Gom-26) was sown with two tillage methods viz., (i) conventional tillage and (ii) stale seedbed technique and nine weeding regimes viz., (i) Unweeded (Control), (ii) Weed free, (iii) Hand weeding (HW) at 15 Days after sowing (DAS), (iv) HW at 15 and 45 DAS, (v) HW at 25 and 45 DAS (vi) HW at 25 DAS (vii) HW at 25 and 60 DAS (viii) 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS and (ix) 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS + HW at 60 DAS. The design was split-plot with three replications where tillage method was assigned to the main plots and weeding regime to the sub plots. Conventionally tilled plots were infested with 12 weed species of which the five most dominant weed species in descent order were Polygonum coccineum L, Chenopodium album L, Cynodon dactylon L., Sonchus arvensis L. and Cyperus rotundus L. In stale seedbed out of 15 weed species Digitaria sanguinalis L. and Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk. was dominant instead of Chenopodium album L. and Sonchus arvensis L. identified in conventional tillage. In soil weed seed bank study, 28 species were identified in conventional tillage and 30 in stale seedbed. Among them annuals were dominant over perennials and broadleaves over grasses and sedges. In conventional tillage, the five most dominant weed species in descent order were Chenopodium album L., Hedyotis corymbosa L., Sonchus arvensis L., Polygonum coccineum L. and Rotala ramosior L. while in stale seedbed, five dominant weeds were Polygonum coccineum L., Chenopodium album L., Cynodon dactylon L., Lindernia procumbens Krock. and L. hyssopifolia L. Except the number of spikelets spike-1, rest of all other yield attributes and yield of wheat were affected significantly by the tillage methods. Stale seedbed technique yielded the higher grain (3.54 t ha-1) and the conventional tillage yielded the lower (3.13 t ha-1). The effect of weeding regime was significant on wheat except plant height and 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield (3.85 t ha-1) was recorded from weed free treatment followed by 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS and lowest (3.22 t ha-1) from control. Interaction between the treatments was also. The highest grain yield (4.09 t ha-1) was recorded from the stale seedbed technique kept weed free followed by 2,4-D amine at 15 DAS and lowest grain yield (3.04 t ha-1) recorded from the conventional tillage retained unweeded.Progressive Agriculture 27 (1): 9-19, 2016

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Weed Seedbank Response to Tillage, Herbicides, and Crop Rotation Sequence

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500058264 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 654-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

Daniel A. Ball

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Crop Production ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Cropping Sequence ◽

Primary Tillage ◽

Pinto Beans

Changes in the weed seedbank due to crop production practices are an important determinant of subsequent weed problems. Research was conducted to evaluate effects of primary tillage (moldboard plowing and chisel plowing), secondary tillage (row cultivation), and herbicides on weed species changes in the soil seedbank in three irrigated row crop rotational sequences over a 3-yr period. The cropping sequences consisted of continuous corn for 3 yr, continuous pinto beans for 3 yr, or sugarbeets for 2 yr followed by corn in the third year. Cropping sequence was the most dominant factor influencing species composition in the seedbank. This was partly due to herbicide use in each cropping sequence producing a shift in the weed seedbank in favor of species less susceptible to applied herbicides. A comparison between moldboard and chisel plowing indicated that weed seed of predominant species were more prevalent near the soil surface after chisel plowing. The number of predominant annual weed seed over the 3-yr period increased more rapidly in the seedbank after chisel plowing compared to moldboard plowing unless effective weed control could be maintained to produce a decline in seedbank number. In this case, seedbank decline was generally more rapid after moldboard plowing. Row cultivation generally reduced seedbanks of most species compared to uncultivated plots in the pinto bean and sugarbeet sequences. A simple model was developed to validate the observation that rate of change in the weed seedbank is influenced by type of tillage and weed control effectiveness.

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