Promotion of Germination of Dormant Weed Seeds by Substituted Phthalimides and Gibberellic Acid

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Both gibberellic acid and the substituted phthalimide AC-94377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)cyclohexanecarboximide] actively promoted germination of dormant seeds in five species out of nine. The species that responded to both compounds included wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler], curly dock (Rumex crispusL.), field pennycress (Thlapsi arvenseL.) and tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifoliaL. Benth.). on a weight-per-weight basis, the ability of AC-94377 to stimulate germination was equal to, or greater than, GA3. The other two substituted phthalimides tested, AC-92803 [2-(3-chlorophthalimido)-2-methyl-2-isobutyl-acetamide] and AC-99524 [1-tetrahydrophthalimido-cyclohexane-carboximide], had either slight or no stimulatory activity.

Basis for Interactions of Ethofumesate1and Desmedipham on Sugarbeets and Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Eshel ◽  
R.L. Zimdahl ◽  
E.E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Brassica Kaber

A synergistic interaction occurred when sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono-Hy Al’) were treated with mixtures of ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate) and desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)]. Depending on the stage of weed growth synergistic interactions were also observed on two weed species: wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Desmedipham penetrated the foliage more slowly than did ethofumesate. The rate of desmedipham penetration was positively correlated with the concentration of its formulants (solvents and adjuvants) in the spraying emulsion, and to a lesser extent with the formulants of ethofumesate. Increasing the spray volume also increased desmedipham penetration. None of these factors affected penetration by ethofumesate.14C-labeled ethofumesate and desmedipham did not translocate out of treated leaves regardless of the concentration of formulants or active ingredients. These data suggest that the synergistic interaction is mainly due to the increased penetration by desmedipham when applied with ethofumesate.

Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Interference in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelouhab Mesbah ◽  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
K. James Fornstrom ◽  
David E. Legg
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Two furrow irrigated field experiments were conducted for two years at the Research and Extension Center, Powell, WY to determine the influence of various mixed densities and durations of wild oat and wild mustard interference in sugarbeet. Sugarbeet root yields were reduced by competition from all examined densities of wild oat and wild mustard, alone and in combination. Root yield reduction was less than additive with mixed densities of wild oat and wild mustard. Root yields decreased as the duration of interference after sugarbeet emergence from a mixed density of wild oat and wild mustard increased. Sucrose content of sugarbeet was not altered by competition. Based on regression analysis, the minimum time that a mixed density of 0.8 wild mustard and 1 wild oat/m of row can interfere with sugarbeet before causing an economic root yield loss was approximately 1.6 weeks after sugarbeet emergence.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Infestations and Economic Returns as Influenced by Frequency of Control

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Average Return

In continuous wheat or barley or in a canola/barley rotation, wild oat control every year over 4 yr maintained wild oat seedling populations at 3 plants/m2 or less. Failure to control wild oats annually increased wild oat populations (>200 plants/m2 by the fourth year) in continuous wheat dramatically, while in the other two cropping systems, populations increased to only 40 plants/m2 or less by the fourth year. In the continuous wheat and in the canola/barley rotation, wild oat control every year generally provided the best economic returns when prices and costs were averaged over 4 yr; in continuous barley, the average return was better when wild oats was controlled only in the second or third years rather than every year.

Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) Resistance to Ethametsulfuron But Not to Other Herbicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mark Jeffers ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
Linda M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Initial Frequency ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Brassica Kaber ◽  
Very High

In 1993, a wild mustard population growing in a canola crop near Wetaskiwin, AB was poorly controlled by ethametsulfuron after only one previous use of the herbicide. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to compare the response of this suspected resistant population (R) with that of a known susceptible population (S) collected near Vegreville, AB to increasing rates of ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, HOE 075032, imazamethabenz, imazethapyr, metribuzin, and 2,4-D. The R wild mustard population was highly resistant to ethametsulfuron, slightly resistant to low rates of metsulfuron but not resistant to any of the other herbicides tested. This suggests that the mechanism of resistance may differ from that reported for other sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Since resistance was documented after only 2 yr of ethametsulfuron use, the initial frequency of resistance to this herbicide in wild mustard populations may be very high. Dry weight of untreated plants did not differ significantly between the S and R populations suggesting little or no differences in competitiveness between them.

Carbohydrate concentrations and interactions in afterripening-responsive dormantAvena fatuacaryopses induced to germinate by gibberellic acid

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Foley ◽  
M. B. Nichols ◽  
S. P. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Excised Embryos

AbstractIt has been proposed that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes germination by overcoming restrictions in sugar production and utilization in afterripening-responsive dormant caryopses. While their germination rates were similar, germination commenced sooner in afterripened wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) caryopses than in dormant caryopses treated with GA3and dormant excised embryos treated with GA3plus fructose (Fru). Limited germination occurred in dormant excised embryos cultured with GA3alone. Carbohydrate concentrations were measured over time in dormant caryopses and excised embryos whose germination was induced with GA3and GA3plus Fru. The concentration of sucrose (Suc) in the endosperm declined prior to germination of dormant GA3-treated caryopses. Raffinose (Raf) family oligosaccharides in the embryos of dormant GA-treated caryopses remained relatively constant prior to and shortly after the onset of germination. In contrast, Raf family oligosaccharides in the embryos of afterripened caryopses declined prior to germination. Together this suggests Raf family oligosaccharide utilization is not associated with germinationper se.Increased starch levels, which occurred in dormant excised embryos treated with Fru and GA3plus Fru, were associated with dormancy because similar effects were not apparent in afterripened embryos cultured with Fru. An initial decline in the concentration of Raf family oligosaccharides in dormant embryos cultured with GA3or GA3plus Fru seems to be a result of the excision process. GA3appears to stimulate the germination of dormant embryos by enhancing the uptake or utilization of Fru. It appears that GA3and afterripening-induced changes in carbohydrate utilization in dormant caryopses are different.

Germination response to phytochrome depends on specific dormancy states in wild oat (Avena fatua)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1528-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Hou ◽  
G. M. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Germination Response ◽  
Genetic Origins

Effects of brief red and far-red light on germination of seeds from dormant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) were studied in combination with mechanical injury to the seed coat, application of gibberellin A3, or changes in relative humidity during afterripening. Aberrant germination responses to phytochrome action were observed in the mechanically injured seeds in some of the lines, i.e., brief red light inhibited or delayed germination induced by injury, and immediately following far-red light cancelled the negative effects. Phytochrome action influenced germination of the gibberellin-treated seeds in a normal fashion, although effects of the gibberellic acid and brief red light on germination were not additive. Brief red light inhibited germination of seeds afterripened in zero relative humidity; the same light promoted germination of those in 30 and 60% relative humidity. Germination response to phytochrome in wild oat depends on specific seed dormancy states, illustrated by genetic origins, dormancy-breaking methods and afterripening conditions. Key words: Avena fatua, dormancy, mechanical injury, gibberellin A3, phytochrome, relative humidity.

THE EFFECT OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, GIBBERELLIC ACID AND LIGHT ON SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION OF STINKWEED AND WILD MUSTARD

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. HSIAO
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Brassica Kaber ◽  
Mustard Seeds ◽  
Seeds Germination ◽  
Seed Dormancy And Germination

Light treatment alone is capable of inducing 100% germination of stinkweed seeds (Thlaspi arvense L.), but not of wild mustard seeds (Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler)). On the contrary, gibberellic acid (GA3) alone is able to induce complete germination in wild mustard, but effected only a slight promotion of germination of stinkweed seeds. Germination of both species increased with increasing time of immersion in 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The NaOCl treatment mimics the effect of acid scarification or dissection in making seeds more porous, removing the barriers to gas exchange and GA3 penetration, and increasing sensitivity to light treatment. However, prolonged NaOCl treatment resulted in either poor germination or seed disintegration. Dormancy of a genetically distinct early-flowering strain of stinkweed can be broken only by the combination of NaOCl, GA3 and light, indicating a high degree of variability in germination responses to various sets of conditions.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) and Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Growth and Development in Monoculture and Mixed Culture

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don W. Morishita ◽  
Donald C. Thill
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Oat Biomass

Barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Advance’) and wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) were grown in the field in monoculture and mixed culture (additively) to compare their seasonal growth and development. Barley and wild oat tiller and tiller head production were reduced by the interference (higher density) of the other species. Plant height of either species was not affected by interference of the other. Wild oat biomass was reduced more and at an earlier growth stage (two to three tillers) than was barley biomass (heading) in mixed culture. Barley and wild oat grown in monoculture had similar total plant nitrogen content throughput the growing season. Gas exchange and water potential of barley and wild oat in monoculture and mixed culture were similar. All measurements indicated that barley and wild oat grown in monoculture had growth and development patterns that were similar. In mixed culture, however, barley was more competitive with wild oat than wild oat was with barley. Wild oat reduced barley yield component quality and grain yield.

Adenosine triphosphate and adenylate energy charge in relation to dormancy of wild oat seeds

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3349-3354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
James D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
The State ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Adenosine Phosphates

Adenosine phosphates, expressed as ATP and energy charge levels, were compared in genetically identical dormant and nondormant caryopses of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). Air-dry nondormant caryopses had a larger pool of ATP and a higher energy charge than dormant caryopses. During the early hours of imbibition of water by dormant caryopses, ATP levels and energy charge increased indicating they are not limiting factors for germination. Moreover, during the induction of germination in dormant caryopses by gibberellic acid (GA3), changes in energy charge were similar to those observed on water, indicating that GA3 does not overcome dormancy simply by elevating energy charge levels. In a second study, ATP and energy charge were measured in initially dormant caryopses incubated under conditions of temperature that either removed or retained dormancy. Both embryo and endosperm extracts demonstrated correlations between levels of ATP or energy charge with temperature of incubation but not with the state of dormancy. The conclusions drawn from both lines of investigation do not support the hypothesis that release of dormancy is related to the metabolism of adenosine phosphates in caryopses of wild oat.

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