FMC 57020 Effects on Chloroplast Development in Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Cotyledons

The effect of FMC 57020 [2-(2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxalidinone] on chloroplast development was examined in the cotyledons of 5-day-old, etiolated pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL. ♯ IPOLA) seedlings grown from seeds inbibed for 24 h in water or 0.5 mM FMC 57020. In etiolated tissues, protochlorophyllide content was unaffected by FMC 57020; however, the herbicide eliminated carotenoid accumulation. There was no effect of FMC 57020 on phytoene or phytofluene content, although norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl) phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] increased phytoene content in these tissues. The Shibata shift was greatly retarded in FMC 57020-treated cotyledons, suggesting that phytol levels are also reduced by the herbicide. There were no ultrastructural effects on etioplasts; however, under low white light (150 μE·m-2·s-1PAR), plastids of FMC 57020-treated seedlings did not develop into chloroplasts but rapidly developed ultrastructural symptoms of photobleaching. Starch was not mobilized in herbicide-treated plastids and sugar levels were higher in these plastids than in control plastids. Etiolated hypocotyl growth was inhibited by FMC 57020, whereas norflurazon had no effect upon it. Our results suggest that FMC 57020 blocks both diterpene and tetraterpene synthesis.

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Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality

10.32747/2013.7598148.bard ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Alan B. Bennett ◽

Arthur A. Schaffer ◽

Ilan Levin ◽

Marina Petreikov ◽

Adi Doron-Faigenboim

Keyword(s):

Chloroplast Development ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Green Fruit ◽

Functional Alleles ◽

Sugar Levels

The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.

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Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Imazaquin in Pitted (Ipomoea lacunosa) and Entireleaf (Ipomoea hederaceavar.integriuscula) Morningglory

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500058033 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 503-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mark A. Risley ◽

Lawrence R. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Treated Leaf

Pitted morningglory and entireleaf morningglory treated with14C-imazaquin translocated14C to areas above and below the treated leaf. Pitted morningglory absorbed and translocated more14C from14C-imazaquin than entireleaf morningglory. Translocation of14C from root-supplied14C-imazaquin was similar in both species 1 d after treatment, with14C moving rapidly to the shoots. Entireleaf morningglory metabolized slightly more imazaquin than pitted morningglory in treated leaves. Greater tolerance of entireleaf morningglory than pitted morningglory to postemergence applications of imazaquin is attributed to reduced absorption and translocation and increased metabolism of the herbicide in the entireleaf morningglory.

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Carotenoid accumulation in the eyespot apparatus required for phototaxis is independent of chloroplast development in Euglena gracilis

Plant Science ◽

10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110564 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 298 ◽

pp. 110564

Author(s):

Shun Tamaki ◽

Yuri Tanno ◽

Shota Kato ◽

Kazunari Ozasa ◽

Mayumi Wakazaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Euglena Gracilis ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Carotenoid Accumulation ◽

Eyespot Apparatus

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An extensin peroxidase is associated with white-light inhibition of lupin (Lupinus albus) hypocotyl growth

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp98126 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. Jackson ◽

S. Paulo ◽

C. P. P. Ricardo ◽

M. Brownleader ◽

P. O. Freire

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

White Light ◽

Cell Expansion ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Lupinus Albus ◽

Extension Rate ◽

Hypocotyl Growth ◽

Cross Links ◽

Quantitative Changes

The spatial distribution of the major basic (B2; pI 8.8) peroxidase of the intercellular fluid has an inverse relation with extension rate in etiolated hypocotyls of Lupinus albus L., suggesting its possible role in the control of cell expansion. White-light irradiation of etiolated hypocotyls resulted in growth inhibition and the induction of B2 and acidic (A2, pI 4.7–5.2) isoperoxidases (EC 1.1.11.7) to higher physiological activities. However, only the activities of the B2 isoperoxidases underwent quantitative changes in both space and time which suggested their role in growth-retardation. We have purified the B2 and A2 (pI 5.2) peroxidases to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. To corroborate evidence obtained elsewhere that growth cessation coincides with cell wall structural changes and cell wall rigidification, we have shown that the B2 peroxidase, and not A2 peroxidase, cross-links tomato extensin in vitro. The B2 peroxidase may therefore catalyse the developmentally and light regulated formation of a covalently cross-linked cell wall extensin matrix in lupin hypocotyls. The cell wall would be more rigid or more recalcitrant to wall-loosening and subsequently contribute to the control of cell expansion.

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Effects of Herbicide Application Timing on Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Control

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00026622 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 900-903 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David R. Shaw ◽

Sunil Ratnayake ◽

Clyde A. Smith

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Application Timing ◽

Final Treatment ◽

Pitted Morningglory

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of application timing of imazethapyr and fluazifop-P on rhizome johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control in soybean. Herbicides were applied at three timings keyed to johnsongrass heights of 15, 30, and 60 cm and 3-, 6-, and 9-leaf pitted morningglory. Evaluations 6 wk after the final treatment indicated imazethapyr controlled both species best when applied at the 15-cm johnsongrass growth stage. Increasing imazethapyr rate did not increase control of pitted morningglory, but did increase johnsongrass control at the 15-cm application timing. However, at the 30-cm johnsongrass application timing, increasing the rate from 0.07 to 0.10 kg ha-1improved control of both species. Johnsongrass control with imazethapyr was no more than 64% when applications were delayed to 30-cm or larger johnsongrass. Fluazifop-P controlled johnsongrass well at all timings.

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Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Glufosinate in Transgenic and Nontransgenic Cotton, Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), and Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-09-015.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 357-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Wesley J. Everman ◽

Walter E. Thomas ◽

James D. Burton ◽

Alan C. York ◽

John W. Wilcut

Keyword(s):

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Amaranthus Palmeri ◽

Weed Species ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Intermediate Metabolism ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Cotton Plants ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Harvest Intervals

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-glufosinate in glufosinate-resistant cotton, nontransgenic cotton, Palmer amaranth, and pitted morningglory. Cotton plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory were treated at 7.5 and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 85% 24 h after treatment in Palmer amaranth. Absorption was less than 30% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant cotton, nontransgenic cotton, and pitted morningglory. At 24 HAT, 49 and 12% of radioactivity was translocated to regions above and below the treated leaf, respectively, in Palmer amaranth. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in all crop and weed species. Metabolism of14C-glufosinate was 16% or lower in nontransgenic cotton and pitted morningglory; however, metabolism rates were greater than 70% in glufosinate-resistant cotton 72 HAT. Intermediate metabolism was observed for Palmer amaranth, with metabolites comprising 20 to 30% of detectable radioactivity between 6 and 72 HAT.

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Role of Light Quality and Temperature on Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Germination with After-Ripening

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-06-137.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 111-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Marcos J. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Red Light ◽

Thermal Fluctuations ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Direct Exposure ◽

Wide Range ◽

Thermal Amplitude ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Buried Seed ◽

Time Of Year ◽

Response To Temperature

Pitted morningglory seed were collected in the fall of 2003 from Blackville, SC, and 2004 from Pendleton, SC, to assess the effect of After-Ripening and burial on light and temperature requirements for germination. Pitted morningglory germination was evaluated over a 12-mo period after maturation. Germination was neither stimulated by red light or inhibited by far-red light, nor was it reversible by red or far-red light. Light was not essential for germination of buried seed. Direct exposure to sunlight prevented germination of recently mature seed, but not once seed had sufficiently after-ripened. Pitted morningglory was capable of germination in darkness over a wide range of constant and fluctuating temperatures immediately after maturation. Germination in response to temperature varied with time of year after maturation, with the population from Pendleton having increased germination in May. Thermal fluctuations increased germination of both populations at suboptimal temperatures. Thermal amplitude regulation of germination varied over time and appeared to play a more important role in germination of after-ripened seed than recently mature ones. The ecological significance of changes in germination requirements with After-Ripening is discussed.

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Effect of Glyphosate Spray Coverage on Control of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)1

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-055r ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

CLIFFORD H. KOGER ◽

DANIEL H. POSTON ◽

KRISHNA N. REDDY

Keyword(s):

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Pitted Morningglory

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Influence of Time of Planting and Distance from the Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Row of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) on Competitiveness with Cotton

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500061245 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 568-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. A. Buchanan ◽

J. E. Street ◽

R. H. Crowley

Keyword(s):

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Weed Species ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida

Influence of time of planting and distance from the cotton row of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) on yield of seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was determined on Decatur clay loam during 1975 through 1978. Weed growth was measured in 1977 and 1978. Seeds of the three weed species were planted 15, 30, or 45 cm from the cotton row at time of planting cotton or 4 weeks later. Weeds planted 4 weeks after planting cotton grew significantly less than did weeds planted at the same time as cotton. When planted with cotton, redroot pigweed produced over twice as much fresh weight as did prickly sida or pitted morningglory. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect weed growth in 1978, but did in 1977. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect their competitiveness in any year as measured by yield of cotton. However, in each year, yields of cotton were reduced to a greater extent by weeds planted with cotton than when planted 4 weeks later. In 3 of 4 yr, there were significant differences in competitiveness of each of the three weed species with cotton.

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Influence of Imazapyr on the Control of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) with Chlorimuron, Imazaquin, and Imazethapyr

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500075585 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 663-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Dennis G. Riley ◽

David R. Shaw

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Significant Enhancement ◽

Weed Species ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Better Than

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate postemergence combinations of imazethapyr, imazquin, or chlorimuron with low rates of imazapyr for Johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control. Imazapyr applied alone at rates up to 4 g ai/ha gave little or no control of either weed species. However, the addition of imazapyr to various rates of imazethapyr or imazaquin synergistically increased both johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control 8 weeks after treatment. The rates of imazethapyr or imazaquin required for significant enhancement of johnsongrass control were higher than those required for pitted morningglory control. No synergistic increases in control of either weed species were noted with mixtures of imazapyr and chlorimuron. Although not synergistic in every case, the mixtures of imazapyr at 4 g/ha with imazethapyr, imazaquin, or chlorimuron gave johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control equal to or better than the next higher rate of these herbicides applied alone. Imazapyr did not increase soybean injury or decrease yield provided by chlorimuron, imazaquin, or imazethapyr.

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