Economics, Society, and Sociopolitical Thought in Hungary during the Age of Capitalism

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Hanák
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

By abolishing feudalism, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 helped to create the economic preconditions and the legal-political framework necessary for capitalistic development. This made it possible for Hungary to adapt her economy to the market possibilities offered by the Industrial Revolution in western and central Europe and to share in the agrarian boom of the period between 1850 and 1873. The previously existing division of labor between western and eastern Europe and between the western and eastern parts of the Habsburg monarchy continued on a scale larger than before, with the significant difference, however, that this practice now speeded up rather than retarded the development of preconditions for capitalism. During the first half of the nineteenth century the preconditions for capitalism had come into existence in the Cisleithanian provinces at considerable expense to the Hungarian economy.

Communist Funeral Reform in Central Europe (1948–1989): From Religious to Civil Funerals in Czechoslovakia and Hungary

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110217
Author(s):  
Olga Nešporová ◽  
Heléna Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Historical Comparative

The authors examine funeral reform in the second half of the 20th century in Central and Eastern Europe via the historical comparative analysis approach. Examining the case studies of Czechoslovakia and Hungary, the article argues that although the newly-developed civil (socialist) funeral ceremonies in the two countries followed a similar pattern, in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, civil funerals followed by cremation became the norm during the forty years of communist rule, whereas in Hungary they did not become the popularly accepted approach, in a similar way to the Slovak part of Czechoslovakia, where Roman Catholic funerals and inhumation remained dominant. The significant difference in the results of efforts toward reform was due principally to differing cultural histories, attitudes toward both religion and cremation and the availability of the infrastructure required for conducting civil funerals.

Popular Gymnastics and the Military Spirit in Germany, 1848–1871

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berit Elisabeth Dencker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Political System ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
German States ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Popular Nationalism ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

Over the course of the nineteenth century, a popular nationalist movement developed in the German states that had gained considerable strength by 1871, the year of unification. The German gymnastics association movement was one of the main forms in which popular nationalism was organized. It was started by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn early in the nineteenth century as a means to train young Germans to fight the French occupation. Gradually, it developed into a movement that sought to unify Germany, a project that was not, at first, supported by the German states. The movement was also guided by liberal and, especially before the revolution of 1848, democratic principles, and in this sense, too, was at odds with the reigning political system in Central Europe.

FINANCIAL REVOLUTION: REPRESENTING BRITISH FINANCIAL CRISIS AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-510
Author(s):  
Lanya Lamouria
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The French Revolution

Punch's Mr. Dunupis indeed in an awful position. Having fled to France to escape his English creditors, he finds himself in the midst of the French Revolution of 1848. The question that he must answer – what is worse, revolution in France or bankruptcy in England? – is one that preoccupied Victorians at midcentury, when a wave of European revolutions coincided with the domestic financial crisis of 1845–48. In classic accounts of nineteenth-century Europe, 1848 is remembered as the year when a crucial contest was waged between political revolution, identified with the Continent, and capitalism, identified with Britain. According to Eric Hobsbawm, the failure of the 1848 revolutions to effect lasting political change ushered in “[t]he sudden, vast and apparently boundless expansion of the world capitalist economy”: “Political revolution retreated, industrial revolution advanced” (2). For mid-nineteenth-century Britons, however, the triumph of capitalism was by no means assured. In what follows, I look closely at how Victorian journalists and novelists imagined the British financial crisis of the 1840s after this event was given new meaning by the 1848 French Revolution. Much of this writing envisions political revolution and the capitalist economy in the same way as thePunchsatirist does – not as competing ideologies of social progress but as equivalent forms of social disruption. As we will see, at midcentury, the ongoing financial crisis was routinely represented as a quasi-revolutionary upheaval: it was a mass disturbance that struck terror into the middle classes precisely by suddenly and violently toppling the nation's leading men and social institutions.

The Rumanians and the Disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-476
Author(s):  
Andrei Oţetea
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Social Oppression ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution

The problem with which this survey is concerned is the role played by the Rumanians of Transylvania as an integrating and disintegrating force in the Habsburg monarchy in the nineteenth century. This problem is unusually complex, since it can be examined from various points of view and at different stages in its historical development. On the basis of changing economic, political, and social factors, we may discern at least five such stages: (1) the first half of the century, during which Transylvania maintained the autonomy it had enjoyed since the promulgation of the Leopoldine Diploma in 1691; (2) the revolution of 1848–1849; (3) the period of absolutism of the 1850's, during which the Rumanians, who had failed to obtain territorial autonomy within the empire, were parceled out among various administrative units and continued to suffer national and social oppression at the hands of the dominant Magyar classes; (4) the so-called “liberal era” between 1860 and 1867, during which the court beguiled the Rumanians with promises that their national rights would at last be recognized in the monarchy generally and in Transylvania in particular; and (5) the period of dualism and the forced incorporation of Transylvania into Hungary.

scholarly journals France and the Austrian Empire 1815-1918

Balcanica ◽  
2007 ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Horel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The World ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
New Phase

Relations between France and the Habsburg Empire during the long nineteenth century went through several phases bounded by the events crucial not just to the two countries' mutual relations but to all of Europe. The Congress of Vienna defined their mutual relations for the next thirty years. The Habsburgs and their omnipresent minister Metternich were fearful of revolutionary and liberal movements traditionally having their origins in France. And it was the revolutionary events of 1848 that brought about a change in the balance of power and their mutual relations. Metternich's retirement and, more importantly, the arrival of the Russian armies in Central Europe and the subsequent strengthening of Prussia, conferred a new importance to the role of the Habsburg Monarchy as a bulwark against the advancement of Russia and a vital counterweight to Prussia. With the defeat of Napoleon III and the creation of Germany with Alsace and Lorraine Franco-Austrian relations entered a new phase. The destiny of the two provinces alienated the Habsburgs from the French Republic, especially after the reorganization of Europe into two confronting blocs. The logic of alliances led to their being adversaries in the world conflict, although Napoleon III's geo-strategic analyses remained present almost to its very end, when Clemenceau's government gave support to the nationality principle thereby crucially contributing to the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Czech Attitudes toward the Hungarian Revolution

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Zacek
Keyword(s):  
Negative Response ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Political Integrity ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution

Throughout the Revolution of 1848–1849 the national aspirations of the Hungarians generally evoked a negative response from both liberal and radical Czechs, although, on the whole, the radicals expressed less hostility than the liberals toward developments in Hungary. Of the two groups, the Czech radicals were the least interested in maintaining the territorial and political integrity of the Habsburg monarchy and the more revolutionary in their demands and expectations. Consequently they had less cause to criticize the Magyars. Indeed, after the Habsburgs declared war against Hungary and the Russians openly assisted them in subduing the Hungarian revolutionaries, the radicals openly expressed sympathy for the Magyar cause.

scholarly journals Orientalism and the geoculture of the World System: Discursive othering, political economy and the cameralist division of labor in Habsburg Central Europe (1713-1815)

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemens Kaps
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World System ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

This article addresses the question of to what degree the concept of geoculture can be brought in line with research on Orientalist stereotypes and imaginary. Following Said’s original definition of orientalism discourses of the 18th-century political economy are reassessed by focusing on their perception of spatial hierarchies in Eastern Europe. This article reconsiders these discourses as an active factor in the struggle for power and a tool in the hands of the geopolitical interests of absolutist monarchs in Prussia, the Habsburg Monarchy, and Russia in the age of mercantilism, as demonstrated by the Partitions of Poland-Lithuania. By focusing on the Habsburg Monarchy between the Spanish War of Succession and the Congress of Vienna, it is demonstrated here that, territorial landlocked empires within Europe used a similar language as colonial maritime empires in order to justify their geopolitical expansion and territorial domination of Eastern Europe. In a second step, it is shown that this discourse was part of the geopolitical culture of the World System and was instrumental in setting ideological conditions for cameralist-driven institutional transformations in favor of the core regions within the Habsburg dominions in Central Europe.  

6 October - The memorial day of the Martyrs of Arad in historical perspective: commemoration practices, local and folklore traditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-46
Author(s):  
Katalin Juhász
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
Constant Element

The Hungarian revolution of 1848–1849 which broke out as a fight for civil reforms, new constitutional arrangements and national independence ended with the execution of the revolutionary generals on 6 October 1849 in Arad. Ever since, this day is marked annually all over the country as a day of national mourning, and in 2001 it was legally instituted in the calendar as a day of commemoration. The article explores the shaping of the cult of “the Martyrs of Arad” as well as the history and the format of commemorative events from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present day. Folklore (textual and ritual) traditions connected with the Martyrs of Arad, spread both in towns and the countryside and still define the meaning and content of the commemorative practices. A song about the Martyrs of Arad deserves special attention as it has remained a constant element of memorial events, which otherwise vary across the country

scholarly journals Travel Writing and the Integration of East-Central Europe: John Paget’s Hungary and Transylvania

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Márta Pellérdi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Travel Writing ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
The West ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
The Social

John Paget’s travelogue from 1839, Hungary and Transylvania; with Remarks on their Condition, Social, Political, and Economical, makes a clear distinction between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania, both under Austrian rule at the time, and the rest of Eastern Europe. In terms of the variety and depth of the descriptions of the social, political, and economic conditions in the East-CentralEuropean country and province, Paget’s comprehensive and objective text stands out from the travelogues written about the region in the nineteenth century. This essay demonstrates that Hungary and Transylvania reveals the author’s intention to rediscover the history and culture of a neglected European nation who have attempted for centuries, successfully, and often unsuccessfully, to orient their politics toward the West rather than the East. It suggests that despite the occasional colonial discourse, Paget’s travelogue is an attempt to economically, politically, and culturally promote the integration of Hungary and Transylvania into the more “civilized” West. (MP)

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Yaari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
State Of Israel

This chapter examines the lack of continuous tradition of the art of the theatre in the history of Jewish culture. Theatre as art and institution was forbidden for Jews during most of their history, and although there were plays written in different times and places during the past centuries, no tradition of theatre evolved in Jewish culture until the middle of the nineteenth century. In view of this absence, the author discusses the genesis of Jewish theatre in Eastern Europe and in Eretz-Yisrael (The Land of Israel) since the late nineteenth century, encouraged by the Jewish Enlightenment movement, the emergence of Jewish nationalism, and the rebirth of Hebrew as a language of everyday life. Finally, the chapter traces the development of parallel strands of theatre that preceded the Israeli theatre and shadowed the emergence of the political infrastructure of the future State of Israel.

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