The Rumanians and the Disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-476
Author(s):  
Andrei Oţetea
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Social Oppression ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution

The problem with which this survey is concerned is the role played by the Rumanians of Transylvania as an integrating and disintegrating force in the Habsburg monarchy in the nineteenth century. This problem is unusually complex, since it can be examined from various points of view and at different stages in its historical development. On the basis of changing economic, political, and social factors, we may discern at least five such stages: (1) the first half of the century, during which Transylvania maintained the autonomy it had enjoyed since the promulgation of the Leopoldine Diploma in 1691; (2) the revolution of 1848–1849; (3) the period of absolutism of the 1850's, during which the Rumanians, who had failed to obtain territorial autonomy within the empire, were parceled out among various administrative units and continued to suffer national and social oppression at the hands of the dominant Magyar classes; (4) the so-called “liberal era” between 1860 and 1867, during which the court beguiled the Rumanians with promises that their national rights would at last be recognized in the monarchy generally and in Transylvania in particular; and (5) the period of dualism and the forced incorporation of Transylvania into Hungary.

Economics, Society, and Sociopolitical Thought in Hungary during the Age of Capitalism

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Hanák
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

By abolishing feudalism, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 helped to create the economic preconditions and the legal-political framework necessary for capitalistic development. This made it possible for Hungary to adapt her economy to the market possibilities offered by the Industrial Revolution in western and central Europe and to share in the agrarian boom of the period between 1850 and 1873. The previously existing division of labor between western and eastern Europe and between the western and eastern parts of the Habsburg monarchy continued on a scale larger than before, with the significant difference, however, that this practice now speeded up rather than retarded the development of preconditions for capitalism. During the first half of the nineteenth century the preconditions for capitalism had come into existence in the Cisleithanian provinces at considerable expense to the Hungarian economy.

Problems of the Development of Hungarian Industry, 1900–1944

1964 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Ránki
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The Revolution

The revolution of 1848, by ending the system of serfdom, had created the basic conditions of Hungary's industrialization; however, since the revolution had remained incomplete and the War of Independence had been lost, the ensuing suppression by Austrian absolutism and the considerable feudal survivals proved a strong barrier to the way of social and economic progress. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy, a product of the Compromise of 1867, offered somewhat more favorable conditions for economic development. Nevertheless, the structure of the dual monarchy kept Hungary's industrialization within rather narrow limits: the absence of independent statehood and the existence of a common customs area with Austria exposed the Hungarian market to devastating competition from Austria's more advanced manufacturing industry; and since these circumstances helped to consolidate the political and economic power of the large landowners, the capital accumulating within the country served above all the capitalist development of agriculture. So towards the end of the nineteenth century, nearly half a century after the bourgeois revolution, Hungary was still a wholly agrarian country whose major exports were foodstuffs and agricultural produce. The rapid development of manufacturing industry began as late as the last decade of the nineteenth century and continued until the beginning of World War I, over a span of some twenty-five years.

scholarly journals The Beginnings of Bible Mission of the British and Foreign Bible Society in Early Nineteenth Century Hungary

Perichoresis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Ottó Pecsuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution ◽  
Policies And Practices

Abstract The paper examines the very beginnings of Bible Mission in Hungary within the Habsburg Empire in the first part of the nineteenth century. It divides the first thirty years into two major epochs: the one before Gottlieb August Wimmer, Lutheran pastor of Felsőlövő (Oberschützen) and agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) and the one characterized by his work until the revolution of 1848. In the paper, I summarize the main obstacles of Bible Mission both political and religious as well as the main achievements and formations of policies and practices that still define Bible Mission of the Bible Societies in all around the world. The work of BFBS in Hungary in this period was also intertwined with the formative period of the Budapest Scottish Mission, a topic that I also touch in the paper.

The History of the Habsburg Monarchy (1789–1918) in Romanian Historiography since 1945

1968 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 303-334
Author(s):  
Lajos Jordáky ◽  
Keith Hitchins
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution

Since the end of World War II historians in Romania have given considerable attention to various aspects of the history of the Habsburg monarchy. Needless to say, their researches have been more limited than those of their Czechoslovak and Hungarian colleagues, since they have been preoccupied especially with the internal history of Old Romania, which has little connection with the history of the monarchy. Nevertheless, in tracing the development of the Principalities of Moldaviaand Walachia and, after 1859, of united Romania, they have touched on a number of problems—commercial, diplomatic, and cultural—common to both countries. Their greatestcontribution to the study of the Habsburg monarchy has beentheir work on the history of Transylvania and, to a lesserextent, the Banat, both of which, except for a brief periodduring the Revolution of 1848–1849, were under Austrian administrationup to 1867 and after the Ausgleich incorporatedinto Hungary.

Popular Gymnastics and the Military Spirit in Germany, 1848–1871

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berit Elisabeth Dencker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Political System ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
German States ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Popular Nationalism ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

Over the course of the nineteenth century, a popular nationalist movement developed in the German states that had gained considerable strength by 1871, the year of unification. The German gymnastics association movement was one of the main forms in which popular nationalism was organized. It was started by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn early in the nineteenth century as a means to train young Germans to fight the French occupation. Gradually, it developed into a movement that sought to unify Germany, a project that was not, at first, supported by the German states. The movement was also guided by liberal and, especially before the revolution of 1848, democratic principles, and in this sense, too, was at odds with the reigning political system in Central Europe.

scholarly journals THE SERBIAN VOJVODINA AND MONTENEGRO: 1848–1849

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
VLADAN GAVRILOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution

The revolution of 1848–1849 had a significant effect on the Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy, who established their own self-governing entity, the Serbian Vojvodina, within the monarchy. These events also attracted the attention of Serbs living outside the monarchy’s borders, especially those in Montenegro and, in particular, the Metropolitan of Cetinje, Petar II Petrović Njegoš. He wanted to assist his compatriots in the monarchy, and considered this action to be only the first step, albeit a very important one, in the ultimate fight for the liberation and unification of all Serbs within two independent countries: Serbia and Montenegro.

‘The power of a country resting in agriculture is always stronger than that based on factories, which will, if indecently proliferated, only produce a large number of beggars.’

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 9-26
Author(s):  
Jakub Raška ◽  
Matěj Měřička
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Central European ◽  
Social Question ◽  
Political Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
Early Discussion ◽  
The Revolution

This article is devoted to an early discussion of pauperism and the social question in the early stage of Central European industrialisation on the pages of periodicals of the Habsburg Monarchy with an emphasis on Czech journalism. The authors attempt to follow the development of the discussion from the beginning of the 1830s until the collapse of the revolution of 1848. They pay attention to the semantic dynamics of the terms and discourse that were used in connection with mass poverty, as well as the foreign models that contributed to the specific expression of ideas of the causes of the social question and its solutions. The paper studies the development of mass poverty representation at the time from the general Romantic rejection of the modernisation process to proposals for solutions to the social question, which had already been formulated on the basis of affiliation to a political group.

Czech Attitudes toward the Hungarian Revolution

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Zacek
Keyword(s):  
Negative Response ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Political Integrity ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution

Throughout the Revolution of 1848–1849 the national aspirations of the Hungarians generally evoked a negative response from both liberal and radical Czechs, although, on the whole, the radicals expressed less hostility than the liberals toward developments in Hungary. Of the two groups, the Czech radicals were the least interested in maintaining the territorial and political integrity of the Habsburg monarchy and the more revolutionary in their demands and expectations. Consequently they had less cause to criticize the Magyars. Indeed, after the Habsburgs declared war against Hungary and the Russians openly assisted them in subduing the Hungarian revolutionaries, the radicals openly expressed sympathy for the Magyar cause.

Who Was This Man?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Kachun
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Broad Context ◽  
Military Power ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Revolution

Chapter 1 introduces the broad context of the eighteenth-century Atlantic world in which Crispus Attucks lived, describes the events of the Boston Massacre, and assesses what we know about Attucks’s life. It also addresses some of the most widely known speculations and unsupported stories about Attucks’s life, experiences, and family. Much of what is assumed about Attucks today is drawn from a fictionalized juvenile biography from 1965, which was based largely on research in nineteenth-century sources. Attucks’s characterization as an unsavory outsider and a threat to the social order emerged during the soldiers’ trial. Subsequently, American Revolutionaries in Boston began the construction of a heroic Attucks as they used the memory of the massacre and all its victims to serve their own political agendas during the Revolution by portraying the victims as respectable, innocent citizens struck down by a tyrannical military power.

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