Mesolithic Lake Cultures in the Ganga Valley, India

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Sharma

The explorations conducted by the Institute of Archaeology, Allahabad University, in the last few years in the alluvial plain of the Central Ganga Valley, bounded by the Ganga on the south and the Sarju on the north, have brought to light extensive traces of Stone Age occupation in an area completely devoid of rocks. The work has also revealed the connection between this appearance of early man and the morphological features brought about by the changing course of the Ganga in the Pleistocene. The Gangetic alluvial is clearly divided into two distinct formations, the older known as Bhagar, and the younger as Khadar. The terminal of the Bhagar constituted the bank of the Ganga when it was actually forming this area and gradually receding southwards to form the deposit of the Khadar. Over a very wide area the exposed sections of the Bhagar (fig. 1) consist of four layers having a thickness of 8 to 10·5 m. On the top there is a sandy soil (30 cm to 1·50 m) overlying a plastic clay deposit (90 cm to 2 m in thickness). The third layer is constituted by blackish soil (1·50 m to 3 m) full of small kankar nodules. The bottommost exposed layer or the fourth (2 m to 4 m) from the top, containing kankars, is yellowish in colour. There is no doubt that the sandy deposit capping the old formation marks the end of an epoch in the life of the Ganga, and it was deposited by the river with a flood-plane higher by at least 10 metres than its highest flood-plane subsequently recorded.

Author(s):  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Boris Chubarenko ◽  
Boris Chubarenko

Three dumping sites located at the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad Oblast) at shallow depths are considered. The first one is located to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet in front of a permanently eroded open marine shore segment. The second one is located to the north of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, and is used now for disposing of dredged material extracted from the Kaliningrad Seaway Canal. The third dumping site is located near the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula to the east of the Cape Gvardeijski and assigned for disposing the dredged material extracted from the fairway to the Pionerskij Port located nearby. The last site is planned to be used for disposing of dredged material from the future port that should be constructed there before the beginning of the FIFA World Cup 2018. All three dumping sites are located not far from the eroded segments of the shore. The question behind the study is: would it possible that disposed material will naturally transported from the damping site to the shore and accumulate there to protect it from erosion? A numerical hydrodynamic-transport 3D model (MIKE) was used to model sediment transport under different wind actions. The winds with the speed stronger than 15 m/s complete wash out disposed material from the dumping site and spreading it over the wide area with a negligible layer thickness. Winds of about 7-10 m/s transport material along the shore at a distance of few kilometers that may be useful for shore protection. The first location of the dumping site (to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet) looks very ineffective for potential protection the shore nearby. At the other hand, the second and especially the third locations are favorable for transport of disposed material to the shore, the most favorable conditions are at onshore or alongshore currents.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
N.S. Bagdaryyn

The article continues the author's research on the toponymy of the North-East of the Sakha Republic, in particular the Kolyma river basin, in the aspect of the interaction of related and unrelated languages. The relevance of this work is defined in the description of local geographical terminology of Yukagir origin, as a valuable and important material in the further study of toponymy of the region. For the first time, the toponymy of the Kolyma river basin becomes the object of sampling and linguistic analysis of toponyms with local geographical terms of Yukagir origin in order to identify and analyze them linguistically. The research was carried out by comparative method, word formation, structural, lexical and semantic analysis. As a result of the research, phonetic and morphological features are revealed, the formation of local geographical terms and geographical names of Yukagir origin is outlined, and previously unrecorded semantic shifts and dialectisms are revealed. The most active in the formation of terms and toponyms is the geographical term iилil / eҕal 'coast‘, which is justified by the representation of the Yukagirs’ coast' home, housing


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 229-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L. Titus ◽  
Jeffrey G. Eaton ◽  
Joseph Sertich

The Late Cretaceous succession of southern Utah was deposited in an active foreland basin circa 100 to 70 million years ago. Thick siliciclastic units represent a variety of marine, coastal, and alluvial plain environments, but are dominantly terrestrial, and also highly fossiliferous. Conditions for vertebrate fossil preservation appear to have optimized in alluvial plain settings more distant from the coast, and so in general the locus of good preservation of diverse assemblages shifts eastward through the Late Cretaceous. The Middle and Late Campanian record of the Paunsaugunt and Kaiparowits Plateau regions is especially good, exhibiting common soft tissue preservation, and comparable with that of the contemporaneous Judith River and Belly River Groups to the north. Collectively the Cenomanian through Campanian strata of southern Utah hold one of the most complete single region terrestrial vertebrate fossil records in the world.


Author(s):  
Х.М. Хетагуров

Кленовники Северного Кавказа – особый тип лесных формаций. Особенность проявляется не только в структуре фитоценозов, но и в способах самовозобновления. Объект исследования – чистые и смешанные кленовники в нескольких урочищах РСО-Алания. Объекты расположены в различных условиях горного рельефа и на разной высоте над уровнем моря, от 1100 до 1900 м. Целью исследования является установление особенностей семенного возобновления кленовников, произрастающих в верхнем поясе распространения лесов на Северном Кавказе. Для достижения поставленной цели устанавливали время цветения и созревания семян по вертикальным поясам распространения кленовников. Обилие цветения и средний балл плодоношения устанавливали по В.Г. Капперу. Биометрические характеристики семян определяли по урочищам в трех повторностях. Учет подроста проводили на круговых учетных площадках по 10 м2, в соответствии с методикой А.В. Грязькина. Установлено, что цветение клена Траутфеттера начинается 10–14 мая и заканчивается в третьей декаде мая. Семена начинают созревать к концу августа – к началу сентября. Сроки опадения семян растянуты. Часть семян попадает на почву до начала листопада, поэтому они оказываются погребенными под опадом. Такие семена быстро теряют всхожесть, выпревают. Другая часть опадает вместе с листьями. Третья категория семян (самые легкие) держатся на деревьях до декабря и даже до весны. Естественное возобновление клена семенами под пологом материнского древостоя сильно затруднено из-за мощного травяного покрова. В древостое с сомкнутым пологом доля цветущих и плодоносящих деревьев составляет 2–3%, а средний балл плодоношения составляет 1,3. Освещенность на поверхности почвы не превышает 100 люкс, т. е. составляет 0,2–0,3% от освещенности на открытом месте; на высоте 1,3 м (над травостоем) освещенность несколько выше – от 1,2 до 1,6 тыс. люкс. Под пологом древостоя преобладает подрост вегетативного происхождения. У верхней границы кленового леса подрост семенного происхождения встречается в окнах, прогалинах и на открытых местах в количестве 430–630 экз./га. По высоте преобладает крупный подрост 50–60%, доля мелкого – 10–20%. The maple stands of the North Caucasus – a special type of forest formations. The peculiarity is manifested not only in the structure of phytocoenoses, but also in the ways of self-renewing. Object of research – pure and mixed maple stands in some areas of North Ossetia-Alania. The properties are located in various mountainous terrain and at different heights above sea level from 1100 to 1900 m. The aim of the study is to establish the characteristics of the seed the resumption of the maple stands growing in the upper belt of forests spread in the Northern Caucasus. To achieve this goal setting time of flowering and ripening of seeds on vertical zones distribution dominated. The abundance of flowering and the average score of fruiting was established by V.G. Capper. Biometric characteristics of the seeds was determined by the tracts in three replicates. Accounting for the undergrowth was carried out on a circular experimental plots at 10 m2, in accordance with the method of A.V. Grashkin. It is established that the flowering maple Trautvetter begins may 10–14 and ends in the third week of may. Seeds begin to ripen by late August – early September. The timing of subsidence of the stretched seed. Some of the seeds falls to the ground before the leaves, so they are trapped under the litter. These seeds quickly lose their germination, vypivaet. The other part falls along with the leaves. The third category of seeds (the light) stay on the trees until December and even till spring. Natural regeneration of maple seeds under the canopy of parent stand is very difficult due to the strong grass cover. In forest stands with dense canopy, proportion of flowering and fruit-bearing trees is 2–3%, and the average score of fruiting is 1.3. The illumination on the surface of the soil does not exceed 100 Lux, i. e. 0.2–0.3% of the light in the open, at a height of 1.3 m (on grass) the lighting is slightly higher, from 1.2 to 1.6 thousand Suite. Under the canopy of the forest the undergrowth is dominated by vegetative origin. At the upper boundary of the maple forest, saplings of seed origin occurs in Windows, clearings and open places in the number 430–630 ind./ha. In height dominated by large undergrowth of 50–60%, the share of small – 10–20%.


Author(s):  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Boris Chubarenko ◽  
Boris Chubarenko

Three dumping sites located at the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad Oblast) at shallow depths are considered. The first one is located to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet in front of a permanently eroded open marine shore segment. The second one is located to the north of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, and is used now for disposing of dredged material extracted from the Kaliningrad Seaway Canal. The third dumping site is located near the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula to the east of the Cape Gvardeijski and assigned for disposing the dredged material extracted from the fairway to the Pionerskij Port located nearby. The last site is planned to be used for disposing of dredged material from the future port that should be constructed there before the beginning of the FIFA World Cup 2018. All three dumping sites are located not far from the eroded segments of the shore. The question behind the study is: would it possible that disposed material will naturally transported from the damping site to the shore and accumulate there to protect it from erosion? A numerical hydrodynamic-transport 3D model (MIKE) was used to model sediment transport under different wind actions. The winds with the speed stronger than 15 m/s complete wash out disposed material from the dumping site and spreading it over the wide area with a negligible layer thickness. Winds of about 7-10 m/s transport material along the shore at a distance of few kilometers that may be useful for shore protection. The first location of the dumping site (to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet) looks very ineffective for potential protection the shore nearby. At the other hand, the second and especially the third locations are favorable for transport of disposed material to the shore, the most favorable conditions are at onshore or alongshore currents.


1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8

Early in 1963 much of the land occupied by the Roman building at Fishbourne was purchased by Mr. I. D. Margary, M.A., F.S.A., and was given to the Sussex Archaeological Trust. The Fishbourne Committee of the trust was set up to administer the future of the site. The third season's excavation, carried out at the desire of this committee, was again organized by the Chichester Civic Society.1 About fifty volunteers a day were employed from 24th July to 3rd September. Excavation concentrated upon three main areas; the orchard south of the east wing excavated in 1962, the west end of the north wing, and the west wing. In addition, trial trenches were dug at the north-east and north-west extremities of the building and in the area to the north of the north wing. The work of supervision was carried out by Miss F. Pierce, M.A., Mr. B. Morley, Mr. A. B. Norton, B.A., and Mr. J. P. Wild, B.A. Photography was organized by Mr. D. B. Baker and Mrs. F. A. Cunliffe took charge of the pottery and finds.


2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Woollings ◽  
Abdel Hannachi ◽  
Brian Hoskins ◽  
Andrew Turner

Abstract The distribution of the daily wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index in the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is significantly negatively skewed. Dynamical and statistical analyses both suggest that this skewness reflects the presence of two distinct regimes—referred to as “Greenland blocking” and “subpolar jet.” Changes in both the relative occurrence and in the structure of the regimes are shown to contribute to the long-term NAO trend over the ERA-40 period. This is contrasted with the simulation of the NAO in 100-yr control and doubled CO2 integrations of the third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3). The model has clear deficiencies in its simulation of the NAO in the control run, so its predictions of future behavior must be treated with caution. However, the subpolar jet regime does become more dominant under anthropogenic forcing and, while this change is small it is clearly statistically significant and does represent a real change in the nature of NAO variability in the model.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giles Clarke

Outside the north gate of Venta Belgarum, Roman Winchester, a great cemetery stretched for 500 yards along the road to Cirencester. Excavations at Lankhills from 1967 to 1972 uncovered 451 graves, many elaborately furnished, at the northern limits of this cemetery, and dating from the fourth century A.D. This book, the second in a two-part study of Venta Belgarum, which forms the third volume of Winchester Studies, describes the excavations of these burials and analyses in detail both the graves and their contents. There are detailed studies and important re-assessments of many categories of object, but it is the information about late Roman burial, religion, and society which is of special interest.


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