The Technique of the Boyne Carvings

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 156-159
Author(s):  
O. G. S. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Address ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Actual Design ◽  
The Many ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Made In

The prudent contributor to a Festschrift will select some subject about which he thinks he knows as much as the professor who is to receive it. That is peculiarly difficult here because of the vast range of Professor Childe's knowledge, both in time and space, far exceeding the present contributor's. This Note is offered as a grateful tribute from one of the many who have been intellectually enriched by his writings and encouraged by his devotion to scholarship. It is little more than an amplification and criticism of the Abbé Breuil's classic Presidential Address to the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, delivered in 1934; but on the strength of observations made in August and September, 1955, I have come to different conclusions.The Abbé Breuil detected five successive techniques, all of them found on the stones of the Boyne Tombs:(1) Incised thin lines (pl. XIX, B).(2) Picked grooves left rough (pl. XVIII).(3, a) Picked grooves afterwards rubbed smooth; in this and the preceding group ‘it is invariably the line (groove) itself on which the pattern depends, which gives and is the design’.(3, b) Picked areas which ‘only define the limits of the pattern, the surface, left in relief by the cutting down of the background, constituting the actual design’ (pl. xx, B).(4) Rectilinear patterns where also the pattern is residual, consisting of raised ribs, forming triangles or lozenges, left standing by picking away the surrounding surface (pl. xx, A).

Implements of the Later Palæolithic “Cave” Periods in East Anglia

1912 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Allen Sturge
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Address ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Present Position ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Class Library ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So

In my Presidential Address delivered at the first meeting of the Society in 1908 I referred to the possibility that we might be able to trace in this part of the world the various periods which have hitherto been chiefly associated with deposits in rockshelters and caves in France and elsewhere. The object of the present paper is to bring before the members of the Society the present position of this question so far as my own researches are concerned with a view to stimulating further enquiries into the subject.Before passing to details it will be necessary to give a brief account of the scope of the enquiry and to sum up our knowledge of the rock shelter and Cave periods of the Palæolithic Age so far as it is possible to do so. To give an adequate up-to-date description of the subject is not a very easy matter, for so far as I am aware no detailed account of the various Cave periods has been written in recent time, and advances in knowledge have to be sought for in the periodical publications of many different societies of various countries, a task which to most of us who are not within reach of a first-class library is practically impossible. Even when these can be consulted it rarely happens in my experience that sufficient attention is paid by illustration and description to the many varieties of types of implement associated with the different periods.

The Presidential Address for 1933: The distribution of Man in East Anglia, c. 2300 B.C.—50 A.D. A Contribution to the Prehistory of the Region

1933 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Fox
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Address ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Secondary Settlement ◽  
Lowland Area ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of

I desire first of all to express my appreciation of the honour you have done me in electing me President of the Society. Faced with the necessity of choosing a subject suitable for a Presidential Address, it occurred to me that a brief survey of the distribution of Man in East Anglia during the Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Ages might be appropriate. Selection of the region wherein the Society was born, and which inspired the fruitful work of its founders and their successors, is intended as a tribute of gratitude from one who has profited by the study of the many important Papers published in its Proceedings.The general principles, recognized as governing Man's distribution under uncivilized or semi-civilized conditions in Britain, may first be summarized.In the Lowland area to which East Anglia belongs soil is the chief determinant. There are two main types of soil: pervious, such as that overlying chalk, sand, gravel; impervious, as that overlying clay. The pervious soils induce an open type of country, or carry forest with relatively thin undergrowth; the rapidity with which such soils dry up after rain, the ease with which a scratch agriculture can be practised on them, their suitability for pastoral life, the ease of movement on them—all these factors render them attractive to early Man. As a group they form the Area of Primary Settlement. The impervious clay soils, on the other hand, carry forest with dense undergrowth, are difficult to clear, and when cleared difficult to cultivate with primitive tools. To the physical unsuitability of such soils for settlement there is added a second deterrent; water-laden soils under the conditions of savage life produce disease in man and beast. But when cultivation of such soils is possible they are found to yield the heaviest crops to tillage, being especially good for corn-growing. They are, then, utilized when civilization reaches a certain level, and have accordingly been grouped as the Area of Secondary Settlement.

A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia, ed. Carolyne Larrington, Judy Quinn, and Brittany Schorn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, xii, 413 pp., 12 b/w ill.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-366
Author(s):  
Albrecht Classen
Keyword(s):  
Old Norse ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In ◽  
Scandinavian Literature

Eddic poetry constitutes one of the most important genres in Old Norse or Scandinavian literature and has been studied since the earliest time of modern-day philology. The progress we have made in that field is impressive, considering the many excellent editions and translations, not to mention the countless critical studies in monographs and articles. Nevertheless, there is always a great need to revisit, to summarize, to review, and to digest the knowledge gained so far. The present handbook intends to address all those goals and does so, to spell it out right away, exceedingly well. But in contrast to traditional concepts, the individual contributions constitute fully developed critical article, each with a specialized topic elucidating it as comprehensively as possible, and concluding with a section of notes. Those are kept very brief, but the volume rounds it all off with an inclusive, comprehensive bibliography. And there is also a very useful index at the end. At the beginning, we find, following the table of contents, a list of the contributors, unfortunately without emails, a list of translations and abbreviations of the titles of Eddic poems in the Codex Regius and then elsewhere, and a very insightful and pleasant introduction by Carolyne Larrington. She briefly introduces the genre and then summarizes the essential points made by the individual authors. The entire volume is based on the Eddic Network established by the three editors in 2012, and on two workshops held at St. John’s College, Oxford in 2013 and 2014.

Evidence-based Assessment

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-98
Author(s):  
John Hunsley ◽  
Eric J. Mash
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.

scholarly journals A Survey of Arabic Named Entity Recognition and Classification

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Shaalan
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Named Entity Recognition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Entity Recognition ◽  
Named Entities ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Named Entity ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Made In

As more and more Arabic textual information becomes available through the Web in homes and businesses, via Internet and Intranet services, there is an urgent need for technologies and tools to process the relevant information. Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an Information Extraction task that has become an integral part of many other Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, such as Machine Translation and Information Retrieval. Arabic NER has begun to receive attention in recent years. The characteristics and peculiarities of Arabic, a member of the Semitic languages family, make dealing with NER a challenge. The performance of an Arabic NER component affects the overall performance of the NLP system in a positive manner. This article attempts to describe and detail the recent increase in interest and progress made in Arabic NER research. The importance of the NER task is demonstrated, the main characteristics of the Arabic language are highlighted, and the aspects of standardization in annotating named entities are illustrated. Moreover, the different Arabic linguistic resources are presented and the approaches used in Arabic NER field are explained. The features of common tools used in Arabic NER are described, and standard evaluation metrics are illustrated. In addition, a review of the state of the art of Arabic NER research is discussed. Finally, we present our conclusions. Throughout the presentation, illustrative examples are used for clarification.

nterrogative style in the commandments of fathers to children

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof.A.Dr. Nahidha Sattar Hanadi Nizar Abdul-Amir
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Mind ◽  
To Receive

In the Arabic language، the question is a method intended to seek knowledge of a specific thing. The most important thing that distinguishes the Arabic language from other languages is the diversity of its methods and its validity for various sciences and arts. God Almighty has honored it by making it the language of the Noble Qur’an، which He revealed to all people، and the many methods and diversity in the language make speech more accurate in approach، fuller in phrase، and systematized path and most sincere outlet. Therefore، the question is one of the pillars of the methods of the construction language، as it is not based on the building only، but the meaning is based on it as well. The most important characteristic that distinguishes the interrogative method from other methods; The high and influential ability in the mind and the soul of the addressee and its appeal to consideration، meditation and contemplation، and the reason for this is that the question is originally issued by a soul wishing to obtain a request for understanding and knowledge; The question arises to alert the mind and provoke feelings، and makes the soul ready to receive the thoughts and images that come out of the person who is casting.

Closing Remarks

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S367) ◽  
pp. 515-517
Author(s):  
Debra Meloy Elmegreen
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Strategic Plan ◽  
Astronomy Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Many ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis symposium has highlighted key first steps made in addressing many goals of the IAU Strategic Plan for 2020–2030. Presentations on initiatives regarding education, with applications to development, outreach, equity, inclusion, big data, and heritage, are briefly summarized here. The many projects underway for the public, for students, for teachers, and for astronomers doing astronomy education research provide a foundation for future collaborative efforts, both regionally and globally.

Legislation as Vulnerability Factor

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Jorge Gavidia ◽  
Annalisa Crivellari
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Central America ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Hurricane Mitch ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
The Many ◽  
Civil Defence ◽  
Interconnected Structure ◽  
Made In

A study conducted in Central America in 2003 shows that in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch noticeable progress was made in introducing new legislation for disaster management, understood as covering the whole cycle from prevention, preparedness and relief, to reconstruction. The new legislation includes civil defence or disaster management laws and regulations to improve their effectiveness in responding to the threat of natural disasters. A similar situation can be observed in other countries like Cuba and the Dominican Republic. The study looks into existing urban and municipal laws, regulations and planning guidelines to assess the extent to which they respond to vulnerability reduction criteria. This paper focuses on aspects of prevention and risk reduction. An attempt was made to look into the complementarities and gaps between the two sets of regulations for disaster management and for municipal/urban management. It is found that despite the many elements of good practice included in them, the links between these instruments are weak or absent on issues ranging from planning to the actual supervision of interventions on the built environment. Thus, the main elements of the edifice were there, but they did not constitute a solid, interconnected, structure, therefore, bound to fail under the loads imposed by rapid urbanisation, speculation, emergencies and weak governance structures. Institutions are often left to fend themselves in discharging their tasks. Without a coherent normative framework, and the capacity to apply it, their work is primarily driven by institutional initiative, leading to problems of underperformance, overlaps, gaps, and non-constructive competition. Thus, the institutional setup and normative framework become important factors in increasing vulnerability, as real as a building with the wrong foundations. The article reviews the mentioned aspects drawing from the experience in Central America, Cuba and Dominican Republic.

scholarly journals Titles to Life Assurance Policies

1905 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 343-386
Author(s):  
Alfred Ernest Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Question ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Made In

The chief object for which insurance offices exist is to pay claims; but before any claim can be paid, the question arises—who is the proper person to receive the payment ? If any mistake be made in this, the office may find itself involved in troublesome and expensive legal proceedings, and be compelled to pay the claim twice over. This consideration shows the necessity of insurance officials having some knowledge of law, as it is almost impracticable for them to refer every legal question to their solicitors; and my present object is to draw attention to some of the elementary points which arise in the ordinary course of our business. On the shelves of the library there are to be found papers by Mr. Barrand, Mr. Warren Crosbie, and Mr. Hayter, which should be studied carefully (in addition to the text books) by every one desirous of qualifying himself for a position of responsibility in the claims or law department of his office; but these papers do not exhaust the subject, and I do not propose to allude to the points discussed therein, except in the cases where some further explanation seems desirable or where there has been an alteration in the law or in the practice of the offices.

Presidential Address: Go to the Principal's Office: Toward a Social History of the School Principal in North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Rousmaniere
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
North America ◽  
Social History ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
School Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Of the many organizational changes that took place in public education in North America at the turn of the last century, few had greater impact on the school than the development of the principal. The creation of the principal's office revolutionized the internal organization of the school from a group of students supervised by one teacher to a collection of teachers managed by one administrator. In its very conception, the appointment of a school-based administrator who was authorized to supervise other teachers significantly restructured power relations in schools, realigning the source of authority from the classroom to the principal's office. Just as significant was the role that the principal played as a school based representative of the central educational office.

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