Inheritance of Resistance to Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Potatoes: Strain C and its Relationships

1950 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Black
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

SynopsisThe common strain A of the blight fungus (Phytophthora infestans) and two new strains, B and C, have been employed in testing potato varieties and seedling progenies, bred from the wild species S. demissum, for resistance to the disease. The reactions of seedlings to infection with strain C are compared with those of strains A and B. The C strain is shown to be more virulent than A, since it attacks some A resistant as well as all A susceptible plants. Likewise the B strain is more virulent than A. The difference between the pathogenicity of strains B and C, however, is not one of degree of virulence; one plant may be B resistant-C susceptible, while another may be B susceptible-C resistant. This difference is essentially of a qualitative nature. Resistance to these strains, which is manifested by the hypersensitive condition of the plant's cells, is produced in the presence of three major independent genes, Re, Rb and Rbc, which confer resistance to strains A and C, A and B, and A, B and C respectively. Segregations in each case are similar in type, and are characterised by an excess of recessive individuals.

XVII.—Inheritance of Resistance to Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Potatoes: Inter-Relationships of Genes and Strains

1951 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Black
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common

SynopsisThe common strain and six specialised strains of Phytophthora infestans have been employed in testing potato varieties and seedling progenies bred from the wild species S. demissum for resistance to the disease. Resistance, due to the hypersensitive condition of the protoplasm, is manifested in the presence of major genes, and four such genes have been identified, viz. R1, R2, R3 and R4. Each gene induces in the plant a hypersensitive response to infection with the common strain and with a particular group of specialised strains of the parasite. The genes are inherited independently in simple Mendelian fashion, but in the segregations three different types of deviations from standard disomic ratios occur due to (a) unpaired chromosomes, (b) incompatibility factors, and (c) partial autosyndesis. A series of minor genes modify the phenotypic expression of the major gene system and so differentiate grades of hypersensitivity or of susceptibility as the case may be.The common strain of P. infestans appears to be a population persisting at an equilibrium determined by host range and environmental conditions. Mutations frequently occur, but new forms survive only when host genotypes, to which they are specially adapted, are available.

Ḥadith ‘Āishah fī Man’i al-Nisā’ Min al-Masājid; Niqāsh ‘Ulamā’ Bangladesh Ḥaulahu

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Syed Mahmudul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Situation

The Narration of Aisyah (May Allah be pleased with her), is the main focus of the controversy among Bangladeshi scholars on the issue of women's prayer in the mosque. The reason for the dispute is that a group of them issued the ruling based on the phenomenon of the text, and the others explained the ruling of Hadith according to the common situation in the society. If the circumstances change, the ruling will change along with it, because the originality of the issue is permissible, that is proven from other texts. This research adopts an inductive method to survey the Prophetic hadiths that talk about the prayer of women in the Mosque in terms of permissibility and prohibition and analytical method to analyze the difference in opinion of Bangladeshi scholars related to this issue. The research finds that the ruling of Shari’ah is a process that is continuous and permanent. But in necessity and emergency, it has the notion of flexibility and explanation. In the issue of women’s presence in the mosque, they should be allowed if they abide by the suggestions of Prophet (s) and should not if they don’t. So, Prohibition is not from the prophet (s), but it is from their obedience to the ruling.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kunal Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Common People ◽  
High Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

FINANCIAL CONTROLLING IN THE SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Petya Yordanova – Dinova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
And Control

This paper explores the comparative analysis of the financial controlling, who is a result from the common controlling concept and the financial management. In the specialized literature, financial controlling is seen as an innovative approach to financial management. It is often presented as the most promising instrument of financial diagnostics. Generally speaking, financial controlling is seen as a process of managing the company`s assets which are valued in monetary measures. The difference between the financial management and the financial controlling is that the second covers all functions of management, analysis and control of finances, aiming at maximizing their effective use and increasing the value of the enterprise. Financial controlling is often seen as a function of the common practice of financial management. Its objective is to preserve the financial stability and financial sustainability of enterprises operating in a highly aggressive business environment.

scholarly journals Fast Comparison of High-Precision Time Scales Using GNSS Receivers

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Vojtech Vigner ◽  
Jaroslav Roztocil
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Data Format ◽  
Common View ◽  
Log Files ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Precision Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

Comparison of high-performance time scales generated by atomic clocks in laboratories of time and frequency metrology is usually performed by means of the Common View method. Laboratories are equipped with specialized GNSS receivers which measure the difference between a local time scale and a time scale of the selected satellite. Every receiver generates log files in CGGTTS data format to record measured differences. In order to calculate time differences recorded by two receivers, it is necessary to obtain these logs from both receivers and process them. This paper deals with automation and speeding up of these processes.

scholarly journals Sperm metabolism is altered during storage by female insects: evidence from two-photon autofluorescence lifetime measurements in bedbugs

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (110) ◽  
pp. 20150609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Reinhardt ◽  
Hans Georg Breunig ◽  
Aisada Uchugonova ◽  
Karsten König
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Lifetime ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Lifetime Imaging ◽  
Photon Excitation ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Genotype

We explore the possibility of characterizing sperm cells without the need to stain them using spectral and fluorescence lifetime analyses after multi-photon excitation in an insect model. The autofluorescence emission spectrum of sperm of the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius , was consistent with the presence of flavins and NAD(P)H. The mean fluorescence lifetimes showed smaller variation in sperm extracted from the male (tau m, τ m = 1.54–1.84 ns) than in that extracted from the female sperm storage organ (tau m, τ m = 1.26–2.00 ns). The fluorescence lifetime histograms revealed four peaks. These peaks (0.18, 0.92, 2.50 and 3.80 ns) suggest the presence of NAD(P)H and flavins and show that sperm metabolism can be characterized using fluorescence lifetime imaging. The difference in fluorescence lifetime variation between the sexes is consistent with the notion that female animals alter the metabolism of sperm cells during storage. It is not consistent, however, with the idea that sperm metabolism represents a sexually selected character that provides females with information about the male genotype.

Extra Force From Asynchronous Stimulation of Cat Soleus Muscle Results From Minimizing the Stretch of the Common Elastic Elements

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 1401-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Sandercock
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Test Frequency ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tension Curve ◽  
Ventral Roots ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dynamic Stretch ◽  
Elastic Elements ◽  
Stimulation Of

Rack and Westbury showed that low-frequency asynchronous stimulation of a muscle produces greater force compared with synchronous stimulation. This study tested the hypothesis that the difference results from the dynamic stretch of the common elastic elements. In eight anesthetized cats, the soleus was attached to a servomechanism to control muscle length and record force. The ventral roots were divided into four bundles so each innervated approximately 1/4 of the soleus. The elasticity shared by each part of the muscle was estimated and the servomechanism programmed to compensate for its stretch. At each test frequency (5, 7.5, and 10 Hz), the muscle was stimulated by asynchronous stimulation, synchronous stimulation, summation of force with each part stimulated individually, and summation with each part stimulated individually and the servomechanism mimicking tendon stretch during asynchronous stimulation. Muscle length was isometric except for the last protocol. The observed differences were small. The greatest difference occurred during stimulation at 5 Hz with muscle length on the ascending limb of the length-tension curve. Here, the average forces, normalized by asynchronous force, were asynchronous, 100%; synchronous, 73%; summation, 110%; and summation with stretch compensation, 98%. The results support the hypothesis and suggest that the common elasticity can be used to predict force gains from asynchronous stimulation.

scholarly journals Solitary Fibrous Tumors of the Chest: An Analysis of Fifty Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Zhang ◽  
Jumin Liu ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
Beizong Tian
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Fibrous Tumor ◽  
Chest Tightness ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Enhanced Ct ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Fibrous Tumor

BackgroundA solitary fibrous tumor of the chest (SFTC) is a subtype of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) with a low incidence rate. The purpose of this study is to analyze the diagnosis and treatment of SFTC and the difference between benign and malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP) to improve the understanding of this rare disease.MethodsA retrospective analysis of fifty patients with SFTC (33 cases in the pleura and 17 in the lung) was performed. Clinical and imaging characteristics, pathological features, and treatment follow-up outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThe common symptoms of the 50 patients included a cough, expectoration, chest tightness, fever, and chest pain. Space occupying lesions were found via plain computed tomography (CT) and enhanced CT was used for enhancement of the tumors. It was also found that 18 cases had necrosis, and 5 cases had calcification. The histopathology results showed that frequent nuclear division, obvious morphological variation, necrosis, and the high expression of Ki-67 cells are markers of malignant SFTC. There were significant differences in age, chest tightness, necrotic foci in CT, and expression of Ki-67 between the benign and malignant SFTP cases. All the patients who received treatment were given an excellent prognosis.ConclusionA combination of enhanced CT, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry can be used for the accurate diagnosis of SFTC. Advanced age, chest tightness, necrotic foci in CT, and a high Ki-67 index were more likely to be malignant SFTP. Operation and radiofrequency ablation can provide favorable outcomes for both benign and malignant SFTC.

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