Geographical restriction as a guide to the causes of extinction: the case of the cold northern oceans during the Neogene

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geerat J. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Late Neogene ◽  
The North Pacific

Geographical restriction to refuges implies the regional extinction of taxa in areas of the previous range falling outside the refuge. A comparison of the circumstances in the refuge with those in areas from which the taxa were eliminated is potentially informative for pinpointing the causes of extinction. A synthesis of data on the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of cool-water molluscs of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans during the late Neogene reveals four patterns of geographical restriction, at least two of which imply that climatic cooling was not the only cause of extinction during the last several million years. These four patterns are (1) the northwestern Pacific restriction, involving 15 taxa whose amphi-Pacific distributions during the late Neogene became subsequently restricted to the Asian side of the Pacific; (2) the northwestern Atlantic restriction, involving six taxa whose early Pleistocene distribution is inferred to have been amphi-Atlantic, but whose present-day and late Pleistocene ranges are confined to the northwestern Atlantic; (3) a vicariant Pacific pattern, in which many ancestral amphi-Pacific taxa gave rise to separate eastern and western descendants; and (4) the circumboreal restriction, involving six taxa whose early Pleistocene distribution, encompassing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, became subsequently limited to the North Pacific. Like the Pliocene extinctions in the Atlantic, previously studied by Stanley and others, the vicariant Pacific pattern is most reasonably interpreted as having resulted from regional extinction of northern populations in response to cooling. The northwestern Pacific and Atlantic restrictions, however, cannot be accounted for in this way. In contrast to the northeastern margins of the Pacific and Atlantic, the northwestern margins are today characterized by wide temperature fluctuations and by extensive development of shore ice in winter. Northeastern, rather than northwestern, restriction would be expected if cooling were the overriding cause of regional extinction. Among the other possible causes of extinction, only a decrease in primary productivity can account for the observed northwestern and circumboreal patterns of restriction. Geographical patterns of body size and the distribution of siliceous deposits provide supporting evidence that primary productivity declined after the Miocene in the northeastern Pacific, but remained high in the northwestern Pacific, and that productivity in the Pacific is generally higher than it is in the Atlantic. The patterns of geographical restriction in the northern oceans thus provide additional support to previous inferences that reductions in primary productivity have played a significant role in marine extinctions.

scholarly journals Synoptic–Dynamic Climatology of Large-Scale Cyclones in the North Pacific

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 3567-3587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. Keller ◽  
Michael C. Morgan ◽  
David D. Houghton ◽  
Ross A. Lazear
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Height Anomaly ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract A climatology of large-scale, persistent cyclonic flow anomalies over the North Pacific was constructed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) global reanalysis data for the cold season (November–March) for 1977–2003. These large-scale cyclone (LSC) events were identified as those periods for which the filtered geopotential height anomaly at a given analysis point was at least 100 m below its average for the date for at least 10 days. This study identifies a region of maximum frequency of LSC events at 45°N, 160°W [key point 1 (KP1)] for the entire period. This point is somewhat to the east of regions of maximum height variability noted in previous studies. A second key point (37.5°N, 162.5°W) was defined as the maximum in LSC frequency for the period after November 1988. The authors show that the difference in location of maximum LSC frequency is linked to a climate regime shift at about that time. LSC events occur with a maximum frequency in the period from November through January. A composite 500-hPa synoptic evolution, constructed relative to the event onset, suggests that the upper-tropospheric precursor for LSC events emerges from a quasi-stationary long-wave trough positioned off the east coast of Asia. In the middle and lower troposphere, the events are accompanied by cold thickness advection from a thermal trough over northeastern Asia. The composite mean sea level evolution reveals a cyclone that deepens while moving from the coast of Asia into the central Pacific. As the cyclone amplifies, it slows down in the central Pacific and becomes nearly stationary within a day of onset. Following onset, at 500 hPa, a stationary wave pattern, resembling the Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern, emerges with a ridge immediately downstream (over western North America) and a trough farther downstream (from the southeast coast of the United States into the western North Atlantic). The implications for the resulting sensible weather and predictability of the flow are discussed. An adjoint-derived sensitivity study was conducted for one of the KP1 cases identified in the climatology. The results provide dynamical confirmation of the LSC precursor identification for the events. The upper-tropospheric precursor is seen to play a key role not only in the onset of the lower-tropospheric height falls and concomitant circulation increases, but also in the eastward extension of the polar jet across the Pacific. The evolution of the forecast sensitivities suggest that LSC events are not a manifestation of a modal instability of the time mean flow, but rather the growth of a favorably configured perturbation on the flow.

Evolutionary adaptation and geographic spread of the Cenozoic buccinid genus Lirabuccinum in the North Pacific

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Amano ◽  
Geerat J. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Rocky Bottom ◽  
Late Middle Miocene ◽  
The Western Pacific

The Early Oligocene to Recent genus Lirabuccinum Vermeij, 1991, is a North Pacific clade of rocky-bottom predatory buccinid gastropods. A re-examination of all available material from eastern Asia and comparison of this material with western American species leads us to recognize four northwestern Pacific species: L. fuscolabiatum (Smith, 1875) from the Pliocene to Recent; L. japonicum (Yokoyama, 1926) from the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene; L. branneri (Clark and Arnold, 1923) from the early Middle Miocene, also known from the Oligocene in the eastern Pacific; and Lirabuccinum sp. from the late Middle Miocene. The genus originated in the eastern Pacific and subsequently spread to the western Pacific by late Early Miocene to early Middle Miocene time. Lirabuccinum exemplifies a common pattern among rocky-bottom North Pacific gastropods in that the early species have a thick, internally strongly ribbed or denticulate outer lip. As they adapted to the colder boreal realm during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, Lirabuccinum and such other clades as Nucella, Ceratostoma, and Ocinebrellus (all Muricidae) evolved thinner, less heavily reinforced outer lips.

North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Controlled by the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Variability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolan wu ◽  
Xiaopei lin ◽  
Lisan yu
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Mode Water ◽  
Subtropical Mode Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Pacific

<p><strong>The North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (mode water hereafter) is a vertically homogeneous thermocline water mass, occupying the entire subtropical Western Pacific Ocean. By transporting mass, heat and nutrients from the surface into the subsurface ocean, it provides memory of climate variability and is a potential source of predictability. Previous studies attributed decadal variability of the mode water mean temperature to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Using available observations and reanalysis data, here we show that decadal to multi-decadal variability of the mode water mean temperature is controlled by the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Variability (AMV) instead. During an AMV positive phase, warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the north Atlantic Ocean weaken the subtropical North</strong> <strong>Pacific westerlies, and the anomalous easterlies in the subtropical west Pacific drive an anomalous northward Ekman transport of warm water into the mode water formation area. </strong><strong>This increases the mode water temperature through subduction</strong><strong>, driving variability of the upper-layer ocean heat content and fish catches in the Northwestern Pacific. This mechanism is supported by a long pre-industrial model simulation with multiple AMV cycles and by a Pacemaker model experiment, in which the AMV forcing alone is shown to drive the variability of the mode water. Our finding suggests that the AMV is an important driver for decadal climate and ecosystem variability and provides memory for prediction in the Pacific Ocean.</strong></p>

Biology of the Pacific Pomfret (Brama japonica) in the North Pacific Ocean

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2608-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Pearcy ◽  
Joseph P. Fisher ◽  
Mary M. Yoklavich
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Subarctic Current ◽  
The North Pacific

Abundances of Pacific pomfret (Brama japonica), an epipelagic fish of the North Pacific Ocean, were estimated from gillnet catches during the summers of 1978–1989. Two size modes were common: small pomfret <1 yr old, and large fish ages 1–6. Large and small fish moved northward as temperatures increased, but large fish migrated farther north, often into the cool, low-salinity waters of the Central Subarctic Pacific. Lengths of small fish were positively correlated with latitude and negatively correlated with summer surface temperature. Interannual variations in the latitude of catches correlated with surface temperatures. Large catches were made in the eastern Gulf of Alaska (51–55°N) but modes of small pomfret were absent here, and large fish were rare at these latitudes farther to the west. Pomfret grow rapidly during their first two years of life. They are pectoral fin swimmers that swim continuously. They prey largely on gonatid squids in the region of the Subarctic Current in the Gulf of Alaska during summer. No evidence was found for aggregations on a scale ≤1 km. Differences in the incidence of tapeworm, spawning seasons, and size distributions suggest the possibility of discrete populations in the North Pacific Ocean.

REVIEW OF THE TREMATODE GENERA BACCIGER AND PENTAGRAMMA (FELLODISTOMATIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF P. PETROWI (LAYMAN, 1930) N. COMB. FROM MARINE FISHES FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF CANADA

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Margolis ◽  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Type B ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Region ◽  
The North Pacific

The generic diagnoses of Bacciger and Pentagramma are emended. Recognized as members of the genus Bacciger are the type, B. bacciger (Rudolphi, 1819), from the Mediterranean, Black, and Azov Seas; B. nicolli Palombi, 1934, from Atlantic waters near the British Isles; and B. opisthonemae Nahhas and Cable, 1964, from Jamaican waters. Pentagramma consist of P. symmetricum Chnlkova, 1939, the type, from the Black and Azov Seas and P. petrowi (Layman, 1930) n. comb, from the northern part of the North Pacific region. Synonyms of P. petrowi are Monorcheides(?) petrowi Layman, 1930: Orientophorus sayori Yamaguti, 1942; Faustula sayori (Yamaguti, 1942); Orientophorus petrowi (Layman, 1930); and Bacciger petrowi (Layman, 1930). Pentagramma petrowi is redescribed and additional details of morphology are included for P. symmetricum, B. bacciger, and B. nicolli. Measurements of the species discussed and extensive host and locality records are tabulated.

scholarly journals Winter Extreme Flux Events in the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream Extension Regions and Relationship with Modes of North Pacific and Atlantic Variability

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 4950-4970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Ma ◽  
Ping Chang ◽  
R. Saravanan ◽  
Dexing Wu ◽  
Xiaopei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Kuroshio Extension ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
The North ◽  
The Kuroshio ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract Boreal winter (November–March) extreme flux events in the Kuroshio Extension region (KER) of the northwestern Pacific and the Gulf Stream region (GSR) of the northwestern Atlantic are analyzed and compared, based on NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, and NOAA Twentieth Century Reanalysis data, as well as the observationally derived OAFlux dataset. These extreme flux events, most of which last less than 3 days, are characterized by cold air outbreaks (CAOs) with an anomalous northerly wind that brings cold and dry air from the Eurasian and North American continents to the KER and GSR, respectively. A close relationship between the extreme flux events over KER (GSR) and the Aleutian low pattern (ALP) [east Atlantic pattern (EAP)] is found with more frequent occurrence of the extreme flux events during a positive ALP (EAP) phase and vice versa. A further lag-composite analysis suggests that the ALP (EAP) is associated with accumulated effects of the synoptic winter storms accompanied by the extreme flux events and shows that the event-day storms tend to have a preferred southeastward propagation path over the North Pacific (Atlantic), potentially contributing to the southward shift of the storm track over the eastern North Pacific (Atlantic) basin during the ALP (EAP) positive phase. Finally, lag-regression analyses indicate a potential positive influence of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies along the KER (GSR) on the development of the extreme flux events in the North Pacific (Atlantic).

scholarly journals Quaternary radiolarian biostratigraphy in the subarctic northeastern Pacific (IODP Expedition 341 Site U1417) and synchroneity of bioevents across the North Pacific

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji M. Matsuzaki ◽  
Noritoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The North ◽  
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ◽  
Northeastern Pacific ◽  
Radiolarian Biostratigraphy ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract. Expedition 341 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) retrieved sediment cores spanning the time interval between the Pleistocene and Miocene from the southern Gulf of Alaska. Onboard Pleistocene radiolarian biostratigraphy is hereby refined by increasing the sampling resolution. The 178 core samples from the upper 190 m CCSF-B (Composite Core Depth Scale F-B) of Site U1417 contained faunal elements similar to the northwestern Pacific; for example, the three biozones in the northwestern Pacific (i.e., Eucyrtidium matuyamai, Stylatractus universus and Botryostrobus aquilonaris) were also recognized in the Gulf of Alaska, spanning 1.80–1.13 Ma, 1.13–0.45 Ma, and the last 0.45 Myr, respectively. Based on the age model that we used in this study and the shipboard paleomagnetic reversal events, the first occurrences (FOs) of Amphimelissa setosa and Schizodiscus japonicus in the northeastern Pacific were preliminarily determined to be 1.48 and 1.30 Ma, respectively. The last occurrence (LO) of Eucyrtidium matuyamai and the FO of Lychnocanoma sakaii, both well-established bioevents in the northwestern Pacific, were dated at 0.80 and 1.13 Ma, respectively. The LO of E. matuyamai is a synchronous event at 1.05 ± 0.1 Ma in the North Pacific, while the FOs of A. setosa and S. japonicus at 1.48 and 1.30 Ma, respectively, are significantly older than what has been found elsewhere.

scholarly journals A database of paleoceanographic sediment cores from the North Pacific, 1951–2016

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Borreggine ◽  
Sarah E. Myhre ◽  
K. Allison S. Mislan ◽  
Curtis Deutsch ◽  
Catherine V. Davis
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Age Model ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract. We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of 30˚ N) from 1951–2016. There are 2134 sediment cores collected by American, French, Japanese, Russian, and international research vessels across the North Pacific (including the Pacific Subarctic Gyre, Alaskan Gyre, Japan Margin, and California Margin, 1391 cores), Sea of Okhotsk (271 cores), Bering Sea (123 cores), and Sea of Japan (349 cores) reported here. All existing metadata associated with these sediment cores are documented, including coring date, location, core number, cruise number, water depth, vessel metadata, and coring technology. North Pacific age models are based on isotope stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tephrochronology, % opal, color, and lithophysical proxies. Here, we evaluate the iterative generation of each published age model and provide documentation of each dating technique used, as well as sedimentation rates and age ranges. We categorized cores according to availability of a variety of proxy evidence, including biological (e.g. benthic and planktonic foraminifera assemblages), geochemical (e.g. heavy metal concentrations), isotopic (e.g. bulk sediment nitrogen and carbon isotopes), and stratigraphic (e.g. preserved laminations) proxies. This database is a unique resource to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimate communities, and provides cohesive accessibility to sedimentary sequences, age model development, and proxies. The data set is publicly available through PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875998.

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