On the demystification of mental imagery

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Kosslyn ◽  
Steven Pinker ◽  
George E. Smith ◽  
Steven P. Shwartz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Image Representation ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proper Form

AbstractWhat might a theory of mental imagery look like, and how might one begin formulating such a theory? These are the central questions addressed in the present paper. The first section outlines the general research direction taken here and provides an overview of the empirical foundations of our theory of image representation and processing. Four issues are considered in succession, and the relevant results of experiments are presented and discussed. The second section begins with a discussion of the proper form for a cognitive theory, and the distinction between a theory and a model is developed. Following this, the present theory and computer simulation model are introduced. This theory specifies the nature of the internal representations (data structures) and the processes that operate on them when one generates, inspects, or transforms mental images. In the third, concluding, section we consider three very different kinds of objections to the present research program, one hinging on the possibility of experimental artifacts in the data, and the others turning on metatheoretical commitments about the form of a cognitive theory. Finally, we discuss how one ought best to evaluate theories and models of the sort developed here.

scholarly journals DEPARTMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Kravchuk ◽  
Ivan Kovalchuk ◽  
Lidiya Dubis
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Gis And Remote Sensing ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Research ◽  
National University

This year we celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Department of Geomorphology (since 2000 – Geomorphology and Paleogeography) of the Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, formed on the basis of the existing Lviv school of geography, which possessed old traditions and scientific achievements in the research of relief, in particular, of its development and formation. On the occasion of the anniversary, the article attempts to analyze the main achievements of the Department over the 70-year period, to highlight the main stages of its development and to outline the new challenges facing the Department today. There is the “Engineering, ecological and regional geomorphology” scientific school successfully functioning at the Department. Within its borders, the “Paleogeography of the Pleistocene” research direction is rapidly developing with significant achievements recognized at the international level. Anthropogenic and dynamic geomorphology, historical and geographical research, and geomorphological mapping with the use of GIS and remote sensing have been intensively developed. Over the last decade, research on the environmental issues, including spatial planning and design of nature reserves and ecological networks, as well as the study of geoheritage, geotourism and geoeducation have been singled out into independent areas. Overall, there are four development stages of the Department: the first ‒ from its foundation (1950) till 1970, the second ‒ during 1971-1990, the third ‒ during 1990-2010, and the fourth ‒ from 2010 till present. For each of them, the main scientific and practical achievements of the Department are briefly analyzed. The most important event in the first stage was the launching of fundamental comprehensive regional research, including the Ukrainian Carpathians, under the supervision of P. Tsys; in the second one ‒ the development of regional and engineering-geomorphological research and the introduction of stationary and semi-stationary research of modern relief-forming processes for the first time in Ukraine; in the third one ‒ the formation of a research school of engineering, ecological and regional geomorphology and the rapid development of Pleistocene paleogeography, as well as of environmental research; in the fourth one ‒ active development of the “Engineering, Ecological and Regional Geomorphology” scientific school and of the “Pleistocene Paleogeography” research direction, as well as of the investigations related to geoheritage, geotourism and geoeducation. The main current challenges are outlined at the end of the article. Key words: geomorphology; paleogeography; stages of development; scientific school; research directions; research; achievements; challenges.

The Depictive Nature of Visual Mental Imagery

1998 ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Norman Yujen Teng
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Image Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Visual Mental Imagery ◽  
Topographic Representation ◽  
The Brain

Tye argues that visual mental images have their contents encoded in topographically organized regions of the visual cortex, which support depictive representations; therefore, visual mental images rely at least in part on depictive representations. This argument, I contend, does not support its conclusion. I propose that we divide the problem about the depictive nature of mental imagery into two parts: one concerns the format of image representation and the other the conditions by virtue of which a representation becomes a depictive representation. Regarding the first part of the question, I argue that there exists a topographic format in the brain but that does not imply that there exists a depictive format of image representation. My answer to the second part of the question is that one needs a content analysis of a certain sort of topographic representations in order to make sense of depictive mental representations, and a topographic representation becomes a depictive representation by virtue of its content rather than its form.

The Curés and the Third Estate: the Ideas of Reform in the Pamphlets of the French Lower Clergy in the period 1787–1789

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Hutt
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proper Form ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Revolution

The convening of the Assembly of Notables and the prolonged conflict between the government and the Parlement of Paris gave rise to a ferment of discussion throughout France during 1787 and 1788. This increased after the publication of the arrêt du conseil on 8 August 1788 which gave 1 May 1789 as the date for the opening of an Estates-General. The public debate was greatly encouraged by, and indeed largely carried on in, the innumerable pamphlets which appeared after the king had, in July, invited informed persons to submit memoranda on the proper form and functions of such an assembly. Amid this ‘avalanche of proposals, complaints, protests and far-fetched schemes’ there were a considerable number of pamphlets written by members of the lower clergy. Although the great majority of these are anonymous, the form of the titles and, more important, internal evidence indicate that they are almost certainly the work of clerical writers. The nature and content of these pamphlets are a valuable indication of the attitude of at least a considerable section—and this an influential section—of the lower clergy on the eve of the Revolution. In these pamphlets are expressed in their clearest form the ideas which formed the content of many of the speeches made by curé agitators in the electoral assemblies which met in the spring of 1789, and which, modified in more sober committees, dictated many of the clauses which clerical cahiers devoted to Church affairs.

scholarly journals The Proposal of a Evolutionary Strategy Generating the Data Structures Based on a Horizontal Tree for the Tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
Marek Żukowicz ◽  
Michał Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Evolutionary Algorithm ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Object Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The aim of the article is to present a mathematical definition of the object model, that is known in computer science as TreeList and to show application of this model for design evolutionary algorithm, that purpose is to generate structures based on this object. The first chapter introduces the reader to the problem of presenting data using the TreeList object. The second chapter describes the problem of testing data structures based on TreeList. The third one shows a mathematical model of the object TreeList and the parameters, used in determining the utility of structures created through this model and in evolutionary strategy, that generates these structures for testing purposes. The last chapter provides a brief summary and plans for future research related to the algorithm presented in the article.

A Cognitive Theory of Joint Improvisation

2019 ◽  
pp. 562-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kimmel
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Basic Skills ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Dynamic Adjustment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Decision Points

This chapter discusses cognitive, sensorimotor, and interactional prerequisites for improvising together in tango argentino. Tango is a highly structured and precise skill where the demands of interaction and expressiveness converge: improvisational choice, the leader’s selection from a knowledge base, is concurrently constrained by the interplay of sensorimotor and coordinative skills. Tango creativity is primarily combinatory; it creates serial structures within a matrix of decision points and traversable linkages. For breaking down what it takes to improvise together, three resources may be discussed. Two among these designate basic skills that are unspecific to improvisation (and thus equally needed when dancing tango choreographies), whereas the third kind of resource supplies improvisation- and creativity specific cognitive bases: (1) Individually, dancers ensure postural and configurational well-formedness, dynamic stability, action-readiness, and receptivity. (2) Interpersonally, dancers ensure minutely coordinated coactions through their general rapport skills, feedback-awareness, task-specific microcoordination, and dynamic adjustment. (3) Tango leaders have complex cognitive repertoires, which allow the generation of an improvised dance trajectory (i.e., action chaining, rerouting on the fly, etc.). These role-specific cognitive bases prefigure different creative modalities: adapting and switching between miniscripts, basic unit chaining, ‘surfing’ nodes of an internalized matrix, and combining dynamic primitives or semi-abstract principles.

Is memory like understanding?

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
Gail Musen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Third

There are three major weaknesses with Glenberg's theory. The first is that his theory makes assumptions about internal representations that cannot be adequately tested. The second is that he tries to accommodate data from three disparate domains: mental models, linguistics, and memory. The third is that he makes light of advances in cognitive neuroscience.

Swarm Intelligence Methods for Unsupervised Images Classification

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadj Ahmed Bouarara ◽  
Yasmin Bouarara
Keyword(s):  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Artificial Immune System ◽  
Image Representation ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Image Clustering ◽  
Image Mining ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Nowadays, Google estimates that more than 1000 billion the number of images on the internet where the classification of this type of data represents a big problem in the scientific community. Several techniques have been proposed belonging to the world of image-mining. The substance of our work is the application of swarm intelligence methods for the unsupervised image classification (UIC) problem following four steps: image digitalization by developing a new representation approach in order to transform each image into a set of term (set of pixels); image clustering using three methods: firstly a distances combination by social worker bees (DC-SWBs) based on the principle of filtering where each image must successfully pass three filters, secondly Artificial social spiders (ASS) method based on the silky structure and the principle of weaving and the third method called artificial immune system (AIS); For the authors' experiment they use the benchmark MuHavi with changing for each test the configuration (image representation, distance measures and threshold).

Representing Emotions as Dynamic Interactions of Symbols

2015 ◽  
pp. 83-101
Author(s):  
Andra Băltoiu ◽  
Cătălin Buiu
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Automatic Method ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Analytic Psychology ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter proposes an emotional architecture organized around three pairs of antithetic universal symbols, or archetypes, derived from analytic psychology and anthropological accounts of mythical thinking. Their functions, relationships and interactions, on different levels of complexity within a dynamical system that mimics human emotional processes, are described by a formal model and a constructed ontology. The aim of the model is characterizing symbolic reasoning and figurative and analogue mechanisms of mental imagery associated with the internal representations of events. An automatic method for metaphor recognition and interpretation is proposed, targeting the identification of the proposed universal symbols in literary texts.

scholarly journals Three Techniques for Enhancing Chaos-Based Joint Compression and Encryption Schemes

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Jen Tsai ◽  
Huan-Chih Wang ◽  
Ja-Ling Wu
Keyword(s):  
Data Structures ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Streaming Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Auxiliary Data ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
The Third ◽  
Encryption Schemes

In this work, three techniques for enhancing various chaos-based joint compression and encryption (JCAE) schemes are proposed. They respectively improved the execution time, compression ratio, and estimation accuracy of three different chaos-based JCAE schemes. The first uses auxiliary data structures to significantly accelerate an existing chaos-based JCAE scheme. The second solves the problem of huge multidimensional lookup table overheads by sieving out a small number of important sub-tables. The third increases the accuracy of frequency distribution estimations, used for compressing streaming data, by weighting symbols in the plaintext stream according to their positions in the stream. Finally, two modified JCAE schemes leveraging the above three techniques are obtained, one applicable to static files and the other working for streaming data. Experimental results show that the proposed schemes do run faster and generate smaller files than existing JCAE schemes, which verified the effectiveness of the three newly proposed techniques.

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