Representing Emotions as Dynamic Interactions of Symbols

2015 ◽  
pp. 83-101
Author(s):  
Andra Băltoiu ◽  
Cătălin Buiu
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Automatic Method ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Analytic Psychology ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter proposes an emotional architecture organized around three pairs of antithetic universal symbols, or archetypes, derived from analytic psychology and anthropological accounts of mythical thinking. Their functions, relationships and interactions, on different levels of complexity within a dynamical system that mimics human emotional processes, are described by a formal model and a constructed ontology. The aim of the model is characterizing symbolic reasoning and figurative and analogue mechanisms of mental imagery associated with the internal representations of events. An automatic method for metaphor recognition and interpretation is proposed, targeting the identification of the proposed universal symbols in literary texts.

scholarly journals Taming the Tiger: Voting Rights and Political Instability in Latin America

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep M. Colomer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between certain institutional regulations of voting rights and elections, different levels of electoral participation, and the degree of political instability in several Latin American political experiences. A formal model specifies the hypotheses that sudden enlargements of the electorate may provoke high levels of political instability, especially under plurality and other restrictive electoral rules, while gradual enlargements of the electorate may prevent much electoral and political innovation and help stability. Empirical data illustrate these hypotheses. A historical survey identifies different patterns of political instability and stability in different countries and periods, which can be compared with the adoption of different voting rights regulations and electoral rules either encouraging or depressing turnout.

scholarly journals Strategies to Overcome Translation Losses in the Novel “The Grapes of Wrath” by John Steinbeck to Achieve Adequacy in Translation

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Konul Khalilova ◽  
Irina Orujova
Keyword(s):  
John Steinbeck ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Grapes Of Wrath ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Given ◽  
Different Levels

The current article involves the issues of losses, gains, or survivals contributing to literature in the process of translation. It represents a thorough study based on the novel “The Grapes of Wrath” by John Steinbeck from English and, respectively, its translation into Azerbaijani by Ulfet Kurchayli. It investigates the problematic areas or challenges emerging from the source-text discrepancies. Furthermore, this article also concentrates on the issue of cultural non-equivalence or the losses occurring in translating English literary texts into Azerbaijani. The paper identifies the translation techniques adopted by the translator of John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. Adopting certain techniques rather than others has led to many losses on different levels. The translator’s important role as a cultural insider is also emphasized. The wide gap, distance, or the differences between the cultures, languages, and thought patterns of the English and Azerbaijani language speakers are the main factors resulting in various losses in the process of translation. Coping with these extra-linguistic constraints is harder than the linguistic ones as the translator has no choice in the given situations, deleting these elements from the TT or replacing them with elements that do not fit the context. This article aims at determining translation losses and gains, defining ways that the translator employs for compensating losses, through the analysis of John Steinbeck’s style in The Grapes of Wrath. The article concludes that there are some situations where the translation of a certain text from the SL into the TL embraces alteration in the whole informational content of the text, in the form of expressions or words.

scholarly journals Bureaucratic Corruption, Democracy and Judicial Independence

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Bureaucratic Corruption ◽  
Institutional Constraint ◽  
Determinants Of Corruption ◽  
The Government ◽  
Different Levels

<p>The theoretical literature in economics and political science has made numerous efforts in understanding the determinants of corruption and stressed the importance of political institutions in shaping the patterns of government corruption. Nevertheless, very few researches focus on the role of judicial system. Employing a formal model with empirical analyses, I incorporate economic factors with political constraints to investigate the different roles of democracy and judicial independence in determining the level of bureaucrats’ corruption across countries. Empirically, the instrumental variable (IV) approach is applied to resolve the endogeneity problems. The evidence indicates that different levels of corruption across countries are significantly influenced by the degrees of judicial independence. To fight corruption successfully, I contend that the judiciary, as a hard institutional constraint to resist bureaucratic corruption, has to be independent from the government. </p>

On the demystification of mental imagery

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Kosslyn ◽  
Steven Pinker ◽  
George E. Smith ◽  
Steven P. Shwartz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Image Representation ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proper Form

AbstractWhat might a theory of mental imagery look like, and how might one begin formulating such a theory? These are the central questions addressed in the present paper. The first section outlines the general research direction taken here and provides an overview of the empirical foundations of our theory of image representation and processing. Four issues are considered in succession, and the relevant results of experiments are presented and discussed. The second section begins with a discussion of the proper form for a cognitive theory, and the distinction between a theory and a model is developed. Following this, the present theory and computer simulation model are introduced. This theory specifies the nature of the internal representations (data structures) and the processes that operate on them when one generates, inspects, or transforms mental images. In the third, concluding, section we consider three very different kinds of objections to the present research program, one hinging on the possibility of experimental artifacts in the data, and the others turning on metatheoretical commitments about the form of a cognitive theory. Finally, we discuss how one ought best to evaluate theories and models of the sort developed here.

scholarly journals When Mechanical Computations Explain Better

2021 ◽  
pp. 463-477
Author(s):  
Silvano Zipoli Caiani
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
System Theory ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Dynamical System Theory ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Optic Ataxia ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Visually Guided Reaching ◽  
Computational Explanation

AbstractIn this paper I defend the epistemic value of the representational-computational view of cognition by arguing that it has explanatory merits that cannot be ignored. To this end, I focus on the virtue of a computational explanation of optic ataxia, a disorder characterized by difficulties in executing visually-guided reaching tasks, although ataxic patients do not exhibit any specific disease of the muscular apparatus. I argue that addressing cases of patients who are suffering from optic ataxia by invoking a causal role for internal representations is more effective than merely relying on correlations between bodily and environmental variables. This argument has consequences for the epistemic assessment of radical enactivism, whichRE invokes the Dynamical System Theory as the best tool for explaining cognitive phenomena.

scholarly journals Russian Text Author’s Gender Identification in Forensic Examination: Probability-and-Statistics Method

2022 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Timur Radbil ◽  
Marina Markina
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Russian Text ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Average Sentence ◽  
Quality Coefficient ◽  
Probability And Statistics ◽  
Different Levels

The article discusses intermediate research results in the development and improvement of a computerized model of Russian texts authorization, which is based on complex application of probabilistic-and-statistical methods. The study aims to describe the new capabilities of the created system in the aspect of its application to diagnostic examinations in text authorization for detection of the gender of the alleged author of the text. The work presents the next stage of fine-tuning and testing of the improved version of the computer program "CTA" (computerized text authorization), which at this stage was adapted for the task of determining and comparing stable relative frequencies of correlation coefficients (the ratio of specified linguistic phenomena of different levels of the language system) in the texts, the authors of which are men and women. The research material is the continuously updated primary bases of literary texts of the 19 th and 21 st centuries (4 bases, respectively). The work shows that for the texts written by men and women, significant differences can be noted in such correlation coefficients as average word length, average sentence length, objectivity coefficient, quality coefficient, activity coefficient, dynamism coefficient, connectivity coefficient, etc. Verification of the results obtained experimentally has demonstrated that the accuracy of gender determining at this stage of the study is approximately 65%. This indicator can be significantly exceeded with an increase in the volume and quality specification of databases and/or when using new models for calculating the correlation coefficients (Spearman's model, etc.).

scholarly journals Looking for the Lost Sibling

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Ronny Jaffè
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Object A ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The author addresses the siblings theme not only by considering it part of the bonds of a concrete and real family but by relating it to more phantasmal analogies in order to give voice to the world of internal representations. This paper is inspired by some fundamental considerations formulated by René Kaes in the book “The fraternal complex” (Le complexe fraternal, 2008): n the fraternal complex two different levels can be identified: 1) an archaic level characterized by a pre-Oedipal climate in which confusion and undifferentiatedness prevail and where the brother or sister assumes the uncanny dimension of a foreign object, a non-recognized, encrypted and encysted double or lookalike. 2) a level of Oedipal nature in which the otherness, the difference and the recognition of the other can be structured; this level makes it possible to open up towards a dimension of separation and identification. These two different levels will be illustrated trough some clinical situations.

scholarly journals Reading imaginatively: The imagination in cognitive science and cognitive literary studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily T. Troscianko
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Imagery Debate ◽  
Cognitive Literary Studies

AbstractI argue that literary studies can contribute to the “imagery debate” (between pictorialist, propositionalist, and enactivist accounts of mental imagery). While imagery questionnaires are pictorially configured and conflate imagining and seeing with pictorial representation, literary texts can exploit language's capacity for indeterminacy and therefore elicit very different imaginative experiences, thus illuminating the non-pictorial qualities of mental imagery.

scholarly journals Compulsory Heterosexuality and Homophobia: Reading of Under the Udala Trees by Chinelo Okparanta and The World Unseen by Shamim Sarif

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Judith Chepkoech ◽  
Robert Wesonga ◽  
Cellyne Anudo
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Gender Performativity ◽  
Compulsory Heterosexuality ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Levels

Traditionally, sexuality has often been determined by one’s gender and has further been complicated by heterosexism and homophobic ideas. This paper examines the topic of sexuality as portrayed in fiction from selected literary texts. It constitutes the discussion of various factors that affect people at different levels in association with same-sex relationships, as reflected in the literary texts. The main objective of the paper is to analyse how heteronormative societies respond to lesbian homosexuality. To establish this argument, this paper explores Sarif’s The World Unseen (2007) and Okparanta’s Under the Udala Trees (2015). It seeks to answer the question: what is (are) the response(s) of heteronormative society to lesbianism in the selected texts. Ultimately it hopes to contribute to the existing but limited research on understanding experiences of lesbian homosexuals by shedding light on cultural practices that are put in place in an attempt to normalise heterosexuality. The paper utilises Judith Butler’s Queer theory to achieve its objective. The significant concern in this theory is the correlation between gender and sex. The major tenets being gender performativity, the fluid nature of sexuality, and the deconstruction of characterisation structures.

scholarly journals How hard is cognitive science?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Rich ◽  
Ronald de Haan ◽  
Todd Wareham ◽  
Iris van Rooij
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Inference Problem ◽  
Computational Cognitive Science ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Computational Level ◽  
Do So

Cognitive science is itself a cognitive activity. Yet, computational cognitive science tools are seldom used to study (limits of) cognitive scientists’ thinking. Here, we do so using computational-level modeling and complexity analysis. We present an idealized formal model of a core inference problem faced by cognitive scientists: Given observations of a system’s behaviors, infer cognitive processes that could plausibly produce the behavior. We consider variants of this problem at different levels of explanation and prove that at each level, the inference problem is intractable, or even uncomputable. We discuss the implications for cognitive science.

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