Is memory like understanding?

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
Gail Musen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Third

There are three major weaknesses with Glenberg's theory. The first is that his theory makes assumptions about internal representations that cannot be adequately tested. The second is that he tries to accommodate data from three disparate domains: mental models, linguistics, and memory. The third is that he makes light of advances in cognitive neuroscience.

scholarly journals The Perceptions of Teachers at the Secondary Schools in Bani Obaid District at Irbid City for their Schools by Considering the Schools as Learning Organizations: تصورات معلمي المرحلة الثانوية في لواء بني عبيد بمدينة إربد لمدارسهم كمنظمات متعلمة

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asem Abdullah Al-Essa
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Learning Organizations ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Female Teachers ◽  
General Performance ◽  
Perceptions Of Teachers

This study investigates the perceptions of teachers at the secondary schools in Bani Obaid district at Irbid city for their schools by considering the schools as learning organizations. This study discovers the differences in participant responses that are related to their perceptions by considering the schools as educated organizations based on the following factors: gender, qualifications, and years of experience. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher follows the descriptive methodology by preparing a questionnaire which includes (35) parts. The sample of the study consists of (250) male and female teachers in the secondary schools at Bani Obaid district. They were collected randomly from the total number of teachers in that district which is (413). They represent (60%) of the teachers in the district. The perceptions of the teachers of the secondary schools at Bani Obaid district at Irbid city for their schools as educated organizations got (5,64) for the highest average based on the general performance using the tool. The results based on the scopes of the study are as the following: working as a team got the highest average (3.91). The followed scope is the mental models (3.66). The third one is related to the personal ability with average (3.91) then the collective vision with average (3.50) and lastly, the critical thinking with average (3.49). There were not much significant statistical differences in level (α≤0.05) in the sample responses which are related to the study scopes and tool based on the sex and years of experience in addition to (collective vision and personal ability) dimensions based on the qualification. There were significant statistical differences in level (α≤0.05) in the sample responses which are related to the scopes of (collective vision, mental models and teamwork) based on the qualification dimension specially the bachelor degree. Based on the results of the research, the researcher recommends providing financial and moral incentives for the distinguished secondary schools to apply the principles of the educated schools.

Mental Models

2011 ◽  
pp. 574-579
Author(s):  
Daniel Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
Cognitive Practice

It is widely assumed that mental models are internal representations. Humans are capable of constructing these models when required by demands of an external task or by a self-generated stimulus. “Mind’s eye” can see, run, and interact with these mental models. Rather than stored in strictly fixed form in the mind, mental models are constructed on the spot when needed. Repeated application leads to refinement of a mental model and possible automation of its construction and use processes in one’s cognitive practice.

Mental models, (de)compressions, and the actor’s process in body-swap movies

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-409
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdel-Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Number Of Publications

Abstract The body-swap comedy, where someone finds themselves inhabiting an entirely different body, is a well-established Hollywood tradition. Crucially, American filmmakers have tried every twist and contortion of this genre premise at a point or another over the past few decades. And yet, other countries, such as Egypt, Japan, and South Africa, seem to have just now put different spins on the theme. Nevertheless, this genre is under-theorized and under-explored. Drawing on insights from blending theory (Fauconnier and Turner 2002), mental models (van Dijk 2014), and the actor’s process as described by, among others, Stanislavsky (1995, 2008) and Brecht (1964, 1970), this article provides cognitively plausible answers to the perennial questions: What is so funny in body-swap films? How do spectators make sense of this genre? How do blending processes operate in body-swap movies? Do spectators “live in the blend?” What patterns of compression or decompression are at work in body-swap templates? Can humor be a strong determiner of moral-political cognition? And what connections can be drawn between acting and cognitive neuroscience? A discussion of English and Arabic examples (i) points to some of the cultural concepts involved in body-swap films, (ii) shows how conceptual blending in humorous films serves to both perpetuate and modify culturally relevant concepts, and (iii) highlights the necessity to expand the current scope in compression, embodiment and identity research. More generally, then, this article presents a new cognitive theory of how cinema, television, or theatre communicates meaning. The most important aim of this study is thus to contribute to the small but growing number of publications that use the cognitive sciences to inform scholarly and practical explorations in theatre and performance studies, as well as to the study of Arab theatre and cinema, which are among the most neglected subjects in the field.

scholarly journals DNNBrain: A Unifying Toolbox for Mapping Deep Neural Networks and Brains

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiayu Chen ◽  
Ming Zhou ◽  
Zhengxin Gong ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Xingyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
High Level

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have attained human-level performance on dozens of challenging tasks via an end-to-end deep learning strategy. Deep learning allows data representations that have multiple levels of abstraction; however, it does not explicitly provide any insights into the internal operations of DNNs. Deep learning's success is appealing to neuroscientists not only as a method for applying DNNs to model biological neural systems but also as a means of adopting concepts and methods from cognitive neuroscience to understand the internal representations of DNNs. Although general deep learning frameworks, such as PyTorch and TensorFlow, could be used to allow such cross-disciplinary investigations, the use of these frameworks typically requires high-level programming expertise and comprehensive mathematical knowledge. A toolbox specifically designed as a mechanism for cognitive neuroscientists to map both DNNs and brains is urgently needed. Here, we present DNNBrain, a Python-based toolbox designed for exploring the internal representations of DNNs as well as brains. Through the integration of DNN software packages and well-established brain imaging tools, DNNBrain provides application programming and command line interfaces for a variety of research scenarios. These include extracting DNN activation, probing and visualizing DNN representations, and mapping DNN representations onto the brain. We expect that our toolbox will accelerate scientific research by both applying DNNs to model biological neural systems and utilizing paradigms of cognitive neuroscience to unveil the black box of DNNs.

scholarly journals A experiência perceptual na perspectiva da teoria da percepção direta

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Mariana Claudia Broens
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Ecological Psychology ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Skilled Action

The objective of this paper is to analyse the concept of skilful action underlying the studies of perceptual experience, especially the visual one, from the perspective of the theory of direct perception. The problem we propose to investigate can be formulated as follows: what are the possible contributions of the concept of affordance to understand the nature of skilful actions generally attributed to processes resulting from internal representations or mental models? In particular, we will try to investigate to what extent the concept of social affordance (as a possibility of action that the bodies of the organisms offer directly to other organisms) can help to understand aspects of complex skilful actions that involve capacities considered as deriving from the possession of a Theory of Mind. We will try to show that the perspective of the ecological psychology of direct perception (Gibson 1986, Turvey 1992, Petrusz & Turvey 2010) allows to understand aspects of human skilled action, especially of a collaborative nature, from a conception of perceptual experience that involves information intrinsically significant.

On the demystification of mental imagery

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Kosslyn ◽  
Steven Pinker ◽  
George E. Smith ◽  
Steven P. Shwartz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Image Representation ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proper Form

AbstractWhat might a theory of mental imagery look like, and how might one begin formulating such a theory? These are the central questions addressed in the present paper. The first section outlines the general research direction taken here and provides an overview of the empirical foundations of our theory of image representation and processing. Four issues are considered in succession, and the relevant results of experiments are presented and discussed. The second section begins with a discussion of the proper form for a cognitive theory, and the distinction between a theory and a model is developed. Following this, the present theory and computer simulation model are introduced. This theory specifies the nature of the internal representations (data structures) and the processes that operate on them when one generates, inspects, or transforms mental images. In the third, concluding, section we consider three very different kinds of objections to the present research program, one hinging on the possibility of experimental artifacts in the data, and the others turning on metatheoretical commitments about the form of a cognitive theory. Finally, we discuss how one ought best to evaluate theories and models of the sort developed here.

Case Study: The Wrong Mental Model can Kill You

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nemire
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
External World ◽  
Roller Coaster ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Study Participants

Mental models are internal representations of the external world that are thought to influence perception and decision-making. An inappropriate mental model of a “roller coaster” was hypothesized to have caused the injury of one person and the death of another in a roller coaster incident. A study was conducted to learn about existing internal representations of roller coasters. Participants were asked to draw a roller coaster. Despite the existence of several types of roller coasters, 98% of the study participants drew a roller coaster representing the oldest and most prevalent type of coaster. The results of the study are discussed with respect to this injury incident and the importance of educating product users about more appropriate mental models that may help prevent injury or death.

scholarly journals Selecting Paradigms From Cognitive Neuroscience for Translation into Use in Clinical Trials: Proceedings of the Third CNTRICS Meeting

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Barch ◽  
C. S. Carter ◽  
A. Arnsten ◽  
R. W. Buchanan ◽  
J. D. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
The Third

Mental Models, Situation Models, and Expertise in Flight Situation Awareness

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
Mark T. Jodlowski ◽  
Stephanie M. Doane ◽  
Young Woo Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Screen ◽  
Computer Based

The present research examines cognitive processes that support flight situation awareness (SA). Of particular interest is pilot access to condition-action rules that reflect their mental models of flight, and their ability to determine when the rules apply in the context of a specific situation. Pilots were asked to reason about events that take place during flight in multiple 3-screen computer-based trials. In each trial, the first screen indicated a control movement, the second screen depicted a meaningful flight situation, and the third screen indicated a flight situation change. Pilots were asked to judge whether the change depicted in the third screen was consistent with what was expected following application of the control movement depicted in the first screen to the flight situation depicted in the second screen. Judgment accuracy suggests superior access to mental models versus situation models, and systematic differences in knowledge organization as a function of piloting expertise.

scholarly journals Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. García-Madruga ◽  
Francisco Gutiérrez ◽  
Nuria Carriedo ◽  
Sergio Moreno ◽  
Philip N. Johnson-Laird
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
The Third ◽  
As If

We report research investigating the role of mental models in deduction. The first study deals with conjunctive inferences (from one conjunction and two conditional premises) and disjunctive inferences (from one disjunction and the same two conditionals). The second study examines reasoning from multiple conditionals such as: If e then b; If a then b; If b then c; What follows between a and c? The third study addresses reasoning from different sorts of conditional assertions, including conditionals based on if then, only if, and unless. The paper also presents research on figural effects in syllogistic reasoning, on the effects of structure and believability in reasoning from double conditionals, and on reasoning from factual, counterfactual, and semifactual conditionals. The findings of these studies support the model theory, pose some difficulties for rule theories, and show the influence on reasoning of the linguistic structure and the semantic content of problems.

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