Blood, sex, personality, power, and altruism: Factors influencing the validity of strong reciprocity

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn Ferguson ◽  
Philip Corr
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Strong Reciprocity ◽  
Factors Influencing

AbstractIt is argued that the generality of strong reciprocity theory (SRT) is limited by the existence of anonymous spontaneous cooperation, maintained in the absence of punishment, despite free-riding. We highlight how individual differences, status, sex, and the legitimacy of non-cooperation need to be examined to increase the internal and ecological validity of SRT experiments and, ultimately, SRT's external validity.

Parameterising ecological validity and integrating individual differences within second-person neuroscience

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhismadev Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Social Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Person Account

AbstractThis commentary situates the second person account within a broader framework of ecological validity for experimental paradigms in social cognitive neuroscience. It then considers how individual differences at psychological and genetic levels can be integrated within the proposed framework.

Exaggeration is Harder Than Understatement, but Practice Makes Perfect!

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Röhner ◽  
Michela Schröder-Abé ◽  
Astrid Schütz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Baseline Assessment ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Individual Strategies ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Do So

Previous research on the fakeability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) yielded inconsistent results. The present study simultaneously analyses several relevant factors: faking direction, type of instructions, and practice. Furthermore, it takes baseline individual differences into account. After a baseline assessment in a self-esteem IAT without faking instructions (t0), participants in the faking conditions then (t1) faked high or low scores without being provided with recommended strategies on how to do so (i.e., individual strategies). At t2 and t3, they were asked to fake the IAT after having received information on recommended faking strategies. At t4, faking direction was reversed. Without the recommended strategies, faking high scores was not possible, but faking low scores was. With the recommended strategies, participants needed additional practice to fake high scores. When faking directions were reversed, participants were successful without additional practice, suggesting a transfer in faking skills. In most of the faking attempts, faking success was moderated by individual differences in baseline implicit self-esteem. This suggests that the complex interplay of factors influencing faking success should be taken into account when considering the issue of fakeability of the IAT.

Personality development from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study of ego-control and ego-resiliency in Sweden

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan S. Chuang ◽  
Michael E. Lamb ◽  
C. Philip Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Children First ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Ego Resiliency

We investigated the development of ego-control (EC) and ego-resiliency (ER) over a 13-year period in a cohort of Swedish children first assessed at 2 years of age. Children became more ego-controlled over time although individual differences in EC remained stable. Children’s levels of resiliency increased from 2 to 3 years of age and then declined when they were 7 and 8 years of age. Boys continued to become less resilient in adolescence whereas girls became more resilient. Individual differences in boys’ resiliency levels were more stable over the 13-year span than girls’. The inter-correlations between EC and ER were only significant for boys at 2 and 15 years of age. The external validity of EC and ER was demonstrated by significant associations with ratings of the children’s adaptation to school as well as with their measures of their internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.

Distrust persists after subverting atheist stereotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Grove ◽  
Ayla Rubenstein ◽  
Heather K. Terrell
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Factors Influencing

Antiatheist prejudice appears to be common. This prejudice may stem from distrust. However, the factors influencing distrust are not fully understood. The current research identified common stereotypes about atheists, tested the intuitiveness of those stereotypes, and determined whether distrust toward atheists depends more on the label “atheist” or the attributes atheists are thought to possess. Study 1 ( N = 100) and Study 2 ( N = 149) identified several attributes thought to be most characteristic of atheists and least characteristic of Christians (or vice versa). Study 3 ( N = 219) demonstrated that atheists and Christians are intuitively associated with the respective traits identified in Studies 1 and 2. Study 4 ( N = 274) and Study 5 ( N = 259) used fake social media profiles to manipulate target religious identification (atheist, Christian, or unspecified) and attributes (stereotypically atheist or stereotypically Christian) to determine the effect on trust ratings. Overall, the results of these studies indicate that atheists and Christians are explicitly and implicitly associated with different attributes and that, even when atheists possess stereotypically Christian attributes, Christians trust atheists significantly less than other Christians. These findings suggest that antiatheist prejudice is relatively insensitive to individual differences of the target.

Ecological Validity as a Key Feature of External Validity in Research on Human Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Diehl ◽  
Hans-Werner Wahl ◽  
Alexandra Freund
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Ecological Validity

Ecological Validity of the Testing Effect

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Robert Batsell ◽  
Jennifer L. Perry ◽  
Elizabeth Hanley ◽  
Autumn B. Hostetter
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Testing Effect ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Natural Class ◽  
Effect Data ◽  
Classroom Studies ◽  
Improve Student Learning

The testing effect is the enhanced retention of learned information by individuals who have studied and completed a test over the material relative to individuals who have only studied the material. Although numerous laboratory studies and simulated classroom studies have provided evidence of the testing effect, data from a natural class setting with motivated students are scant. The present two-class quasi-experiment explored the external validity of the testing effect in the Introductory Psychology classroom. The control class studied assigned chapters from the textbook whereas the quiz class studied chapters and completed daily quizzes on those readings. Subsequently, both classes completed exams over this textbook information. The quiz class scored significantly higher than the control class on these test questions about the textbook information; these differences were significant both when the test questions were the same as the quiz questions and when they were new, related questions from the textbook. These data suggest the use of daily quizzes to embed the testing effect into the Introductory Psychology classroom can improve student learning.

Importing social preferences across contexts and the pitfall of over-generalization across theories

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Pisor ◽  
Daniel M. T. Fessler
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Strong Reciprocity ◽  
The Real

AbstractClaims regarding negative strong reciprocity do indeed rest on experiments lacking established external validity, often without even a small “menu of options.” Guala's review should prompt strong reciprocity proponents to extend the real-world validity of their work, exploring the preferences participants bring to experiments. That said, Guala's approach fails to differentiate among group selection approaches and glosses over cross-cultural variability.

scholarly journals Musical Preferences Predict Personality: Evidence From Active Listening and Facebook Likes

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Nave ◽  
Juri Minxha ◽  
David M. Greenberg ◽  
Michal Kosinski ◽  
David Stillwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Active Listening ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Genre Preferences ◽  
Musical Preferences

Research over the past decade has shown that various personality traits are communicated through musical preferences. One limitation of that research is external validity, as most studies have assessed individual differences in musical preferences using self-reports of music-genre preferences. Are personality traits communicated through behavioral manifestations of musical preferences? We addressed this question in two large-scale online studies with demographically diverse populations. Study 1 ( N = 22,252) shows that reactions to unfamiliar musical excerpts predicted individual differences in personality—most notably, openness and extraversion—above and beyond demographic characteristics. Moreover, these personality traits were differentially associated with particular music-preference dimensions. The results from Study 2 ( N = 21,929) replicated and extended these findings by showing that an active measure of naturally occurring behavior, Facebook Likes for musical artists, also predicted individual differences in personality. In general, our findings establish the robustness and external validity of the links between musical preferences and personality.

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