Sentence production in Parkinson disease: Effects of conceptual and task complexity

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELLE S. TROCHE ◽  
LORI J. P. ALTMANN
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Sentence Generation ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACTExperimental studies of sentence production in Parkinson disease (PD) are rare. This study examined the relationship between cognitive abilities and performance on two sentence production tasks, sentence repetition, and sentence generation, in which complexity was manipulated. Thirty-eight older adults aged 60 to 85, half with PD, completed the two language tasks plus a cognitive battery. Participants with PD performed more poorly in the repetition task overall, especially in fluency, but differences were no longer significant once cognitive ability was controlled. In contrast, on the sentence generation task the PD group was significantly impaired on all language dimensions and overall performance. Although cognitive ability accounted for significant variance in all measures of sentence generation, the PD group remained significantly impaired when these factors were controlled. These findings suggest that, although language production is influenced by cognitive abilities, it can be significantly impaired in PD over and above the effects of differences in cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Human Cognitive and Motor Abilities in the Aging Workforce: An Information-Based Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5958
Author(s):  
Salvatore Digiesi ◽  
Daniela Cavallo ◽  
Andrea Lucchese ◽  
Carlotta Mummolo
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Aging Workforce ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Workforce Aging ◽  
And Performance

In the digital society, individuals are in charge of performing tasks based on the information gathered by huge amount of data and effectively use them to manifest their cognitive and motor abilities. In this paper, on the basis of experimental studies available in literature concerning lab tests on motor or cognitive abilities of differently aged subjects, an information-based theoretical model is proposed. The model allows to quantify the information content of a motor or a cognitive task and provides estimates of information processing time of individuals of different age and sex in accomplishing tasks with prevalent motor or cognitive nature, in spite of the fact that a “pure” cognitive or a “pure” motor task are rarely observed in practical cases. The model is then applied to a case study from automotive industry in which workforce aging phenomenon is experienced. Potential applications of the model go beyond the case study developed. Quantifying the information content of a general motor-cognitive task paves the way to new understanding and modelling of movements and performance time of both natural and artificial systems with applications in industrial robotics (e.g., human-robot cooperation), biomechanics, and neurorehabilitation.

The role of lexical co-occurrence in aphasic sentence production

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Kohn ◽  
Ana Cragnolino
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Sentence Generation ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Sentence Planning ◽  
Semantic Judgment ◽  
Lexical Association ◽  
Normal Production

ABSTRACTThis study explores the notion that learned associations based on lexical co-occurrence probability influence sentence planning and, consequently, may contribute to the ability of aphasic speakers to produce well-formed sentences. To encourage aphasic speakers to rely on such associations, the subjects were administered a sentence generation task in which an uninflected transitive verb was the sole basis for sentence planning. Performance by normal control speakers was used to identify verb-noun pairs reflecting some degree of lexical association. The aphasic subjects tended to use proportionately fewer associated word pairs in their sentences. The level of associate use was not correlated with either their picture naming scores or their performance on a test of semantic judgment. Finally, despite the aphasic subjects' below normal production of associated word pairs on sentence generation, when nouns associated with the target verbs were included in the sentences, performance was less anomalous for each subject. These findings are used to explore how a network of lexical associates might facilitate sentence processing.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis of language production in Parkinson's disease using a cued sentence generation task

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 863-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Vanhoutte ◽  
Miet De Letter ◽  
Paul Corthals ◽  
John Van Borsel ◽  
Patrick Santens
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Sentence Generation

The Cognitive Basis for Sentence Planning Difficulties in Discourse After Traumatic Brain Injury

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Peach
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Sentence Planning ◽  
Brain Injured

Purpose Analyses of language production of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) place increasing emphasis on microlinguistic (i.e., within-sentence) patterns. It is unknown whether the observed problems involve implementation of well-formed sentence frames or represent a fundamental linguistic disturbance in computing sentence structure. This study investigated the cognitive basis for microlinguistic deficits in individuals with TBI. Method Fifteen nonaphasic individuals with severe TBI and 6 age- and education-matched non brain–injured adults participated in this study. Monologic discourse samples were analyzed for pausing patterns, mazes, errors, and abandoned utterances. Measures of cognitive abilities were correlated with the sentence measures. Results The speakers with TBI produced more pauses between clauses (but not within clauses) as well as more mazes than did the non brain–injured speakers. Significant regression models were built. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1965), a measure associated with working memory, predicted pause behavior, and Likenesses–Differences (Baker & Leland, 1967), a measure of executive function, predicted maze behavior. Conclusions Sentence planning impairments following TBI are associated with deficient organization and monitoring of language representations in working memory. These findings suggest that the deficits are due to problems in the recruitment and control of attention for sentence planning. These findings bear on sentence processing models that emphasize the activation, organization, and maintenance of language representations for accurate sentence production.

scholarly journals The language network supports both lexical access and sentence generation during language production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hu ◽  
Hannah Small ◽  
Hope Kean ◽  
Atsushi Takahashi ◽  
Leo Zekelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Sentence Generation ◽  
Knowledge Representations ◽  
Syntactic Cues ◽  
Language Network

AbstractA network of left frontal and temporal brain regions has long been implicated in language comprehension and production. However, because of relatively fewer investigations of language production, the precise role of this ‘language network’ in production-related cognitive processes remains debated. Across four fMRI experiments that use picture naming/description to mimic the translation of conceptual representations into words and sentences, we characterize the response of the language regions to production demands. In line with prior studies, sentence production elicited strong responses throughout the language network. Further, we report three novel results. First, we demonstrate that production-related responses in the language network are robust to output modality (speaking vs. typing). Second, the language regions respond to both lexical access and sentence-generation demands. This pattern implies strong integration between lexico-semantic and combinatorial processes, mirroring the picture that has emerged in language comprehension. Finally, some have previously hypothesized the existence of production-selective mechanisms given that syntactic encoding is a critical part of sentence production, whereas comprehension is possible even when syntactic cues are degraded or absent. Contrary to this hypothesis, we find no evidence of brain regions that selectively support sentence generation. Instead, language regions respond overall more strongly during production than during comprehension, which suggests that production incurs a greater cost for the language network. Together, these results align with the idea that language comprehension and production draw on the same knowledge representations, which are stored in the language-selective network and are used both to interpret linguistic input and generate linguistic output.

scholarly journals How important is cognitive ability when adapting to changes? A meta-analysis of the performance adaptation literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Stasielowicz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
Performance Adaptation ◽  
The Relationship

Performance adaptation is required in many areas (e.g., dealing with emergencies or new software in the work and educational context). Therefore, predicting successful reactions to changes is important. Motivated by heterogeneous findings, the present meta-analysis examines to what extent individual differences in cognitive abilities are relevant to performance adaptation. A three-level meta-analysis based on 133 correlations (N = 37,963) was conducted in order to estimate the mean strength of the relationship. Furthermore, several moderator analyses were carried out (e.g., task complexity, subjective vs objective assessment of performance adaptation) to explain the variability of the effect sizes. As expected, cognitive ability was positively related to performance adaptation (r = .21). However, the relationship was stronger when objective performance adaptation scores (r = .25) rather than subjective ratings were used (r = .11). Furthermore, cognitive ability seems to be particularly relevant for highly dynamic tasks (r = .31). Overall, cognitive ability can be a useful predictor of actual performance adaptation, which has implications for the selection context (e.g., selection of students or employees with high adaptability). Furthermore, cognitive ability seems to be more relevant than other personality-based predictors of performance adaptation that have been examined meta-analytically (Big Five and goal orientation).

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF MELALUI AKTIVITAS SENI MUSIK TERHADAP ANAK KELOMPOK B DI TK. ADINDA CAHAYA CIMAHI

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Nurpuri Waraswati ◽  
Rini Andriani
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Present Method ◽  
Evaluation Research ◽  
Music Learning ◽  
Learning Time ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Art Activities ◽  
Basic Ability

Early Childhood Education (PAUD) implements education that refers to all the basic aspects or abilities that are developing in the child. The basic ability of children is very interesting to be studied, one of them cognitive abilities of children. It is raised in connection with the lack of cognitive abilities in Adinda Cahaya kindergarten with the present method mainly through the activity of the art of music. The existing formulation in this study is "The activity of music art that can improve the cognitive abilities of children". The purpose of this study is to describe the cognitive abilities of children in music art activities.. There are six levels of cognitive ability: knowledge, understanding, application of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Research questions are 1). How does music activity and music learning time to support the development of children's cognitive abilities? 2. How does the child's memory of what the teacher has taught in music art activities? 3) How are children's development related to cognitive ability? The conclusion is that the study of music art gives a positive and influential effect on the child's cognitive development that will stimulate brain development and emotional intelligence.

Team Learning Behaviors and Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Direct Effects and Moderators

2021 ◽  
pp. 105960112110169
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Wiese ◽  
C. Shawn Burke ◽  
Yichen Tang ◽  
Claudia Hernandez ◽  
Ryan Howell
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Learning ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Learning Behaviors ◽  
Learning Teams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Team Familiarity

Under what conditions do team learning behaviors best predict team performance? The current meta-analytic efforts synthesize results from 113 effect sizes and 7758 teams to investigate how different conceptualizations (fundamental, intrateam, and interteam), team characteristics (team size and team familiarity), task characteristics (interdependence, complexity, and type), and methodological characteristics (students vs. nonstudents and measurement choice) affect the relationship between team learning behaviors and team performance. Our results suggest that while different conceptualizations of team learning behaviors independently predict performance, only intrateam learning behaviors uniquely predict performance. A more in-depth investigation into the moderating conditions contradicts the familiar adage of “it depends.” The strength of the relationship between intrateam learning behaviors and team performance did not depend on team familiarity, task complexity, or sample type. However, our results suggested this relationship was stronger in larger teams, teams with moderate task interdependence, teams performing project/action tasks, and studies that use measures that capture a wider breadth of the team learning behavior construct space. These efforts suggest that common boundary conditions do not moderate this relationship. Scholars can leverage these results to develop more comprehensive theories addressing the different conceptualizations of team learning behaviors as well as providing clarity on the scenarios where team learning behaviors are most needed. Further, practitioners can use our results to develop more guided team-based policies that can overcome some of the challenges of forming and developing learning teams.

APTITUDE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 46-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Aptitude Tests ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Learning Success ◽  
And Performance

Recent second language acquisition (SLA) research into the cognitive abilities implicated in implicit, incidental, and explicit learning, and in learning and performance on tasks differing in their information processing demands has prompted new theoretical frameworks for conceptualizing L2 aptitude. This research is reviewed and related to measures of abilities operationalized in existing aptitude tests, as well as to measures of abilities that are the focus of more recent research in cognitive psychology. Finally, prospects for developing aptitude tests to serve the purposes of predicting both early and advanced level language learning success are discussed in the light of the SLA findings and aptitude frameworks reviewed.

scholarly journals Constraints on variation, reduplication of semantics, and degrees of freedom: some notes on the computational account of code mixing

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 887-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. HARTSUIKER
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Precise Characterization

Goldrick, Putnam and Schwarz (2016) propose a very explicit account of code mixing, which nicely draws implications from the well-established findings of coactivation during bilingual language production, and that code mixing is constrained by grammatical principles. This precise characterization will undoubtedly serve as a useful basis for further research on code mixing, second language sentence production, and syntactic learning. However, there are three issues with the account that require further elaboration.

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