Gender, Age and Attitudes to Retirement in Mid-Life

ABSTRACTBritish research on exit from the labour market has been mainly concerned with men, but US research shows retirement for women is equally salient. Gender differences in attitudes to employment and reasons for early exit are relevant to employment and pension policy.In this paper, we use data from the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative survey to examine gender differences in attitudes to employment among over 2,500 British women and men aged 40 to 59. A key concern was to discover whether the decline in mid-life women's employment through their fifties could be explained by a change in attitudes with age, or was more likely to be due to age-related barriers in the labour market.Analysis shows that among mid-life people who were not employed, financial considerations were the predominant influence on men's job-seeking whereas for women psychosocial aspects of having a job were also important. Mid-life women showed no decline in their motivation towards employment with age, indicating that women's early exit cannot be explained by reduced desire for employment with age. However, there was evidence of perceived age barriers to employment or promotion which were likely to have affected behaviour and attitudes.

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Recent Trends in National Finance

Journal of the Staple Inn Actuarial Society ◽

10.1017/s0020269x00002279 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 5 (02) ◽

pp. 81-106

Author(s):

H. W. Haycocks

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

Labour Market ◽

Large Scale ◽

Economic Life ◽

Stationary Population ◽

Distant Future ◽

True Value ◽

The Social ◽

Recent Trends ◽

Guaranteed Loans

In any discussion on recent trends in national finance the most important feature to note is that the State is being called upon more and more to redress the balance in the social and economic system. This tendency shows itself in the introduction of quotas, subsidies, Government-guaranteed loans to industry, health and unemployment policies, etc., and can, of course, be traced back to the nineteenth century. During the last few years, however, some of the changes have been so rapid that it is not yet possible to appraise their true value, and it seems likely that in the not too distant future private enterprise will cease to be the dominant force in the economic life of this country, whatever may be the party labels of successive Governments. Apart from forces at present operating, the coming task of adjusting the economic system to a falling or even stationary population will certainly require Government assistance on a large scale, especially in the labour market if much unemployment is to be avoided.

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Integration of the Master Graduates of the Social Work Studies Programme into the Labour Market: the Case of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences

Socialinis ugdymas ◽

10.15823/su.2016.03 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 28-44

Author(s):

Angelė Kaušylienė ◽

Alina Dinovagis

Keyword(s):

Social Work ◽

Labour Market ◽

The Social ◽

Educational Sciences

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Inequalities in access to cross-border resources? An analysis based on spatio-temporal behaviours in the cross-border area of Greater Geneva

European Urban and Regional Studies ◽

10.1177/09697764211026716 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096977642110267

Author(s):

Alexis Gumy ◽

Guillaume Drevon ◽

Vincent Kaufmann

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Border Area ◽

Cross Border ◽

The Social ◽

Neighbouring Country ◽

Logistic Regressions ◽

The Cross ◽

Spatio Temporal

With an activity-based approach, this article offers a new reading of cross-border integration by exploring the social and spatial conditions that predispose specific populations of Greater Geneva to cross its borders. Five different daily cross-border patterns were identified showing that travelling to the neighbouring country is still uncommon among the least qualified populations and women, and that this trend now extends beyond the mere cross-border labour market. Logistic regressions show that Greater Geneva is witnessing a functionalisation of its cross-border integration, revealing mechanisms where the increase of particular mobility may foster segregation and inequalities. This article argues for an approach where cross-border integration is not an objective but rather is a consequence of obligations and constraints that individuals face in their daily behaviours.

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Being a golf trainer in China: The life of an artist?

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954121998012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174795412199801

Author(s):

Boucher Aurélien ◽

Li Yuqing ◽

Shao Xueyun

Keyword(s):

Social Structure ◽

Labour Market ◽

Survey Analysis ◽

Professional Certification ◽

Quantitative Survey ◽

The Social ◽

Winner Takes All

This article investigates the earnings of Chinese golf trainers. Through a combination of ethnographic observations, interviews and a quantitative survey analysis, it depicts the social structure of the economy of golf training in China, showing that golf trainers’ playing abilities and fame, rather than any certificate of competence (e.g. diploma or professional certification), determine their earnings. At the same time, we underline many common characteristics between the artists’ labour market and the golf trainers’ labour market, such as the importance of fame and a winner-takes-all logic.

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Note on the Social Impact of Assertiveness in Occupational Contexts

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.819 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 819-822 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Regis McNamara ◽

Ronald J. Delamater

Keyword(s):

Social Impact ◽

Social Outcomes ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

Job Seeking ◽

Work Related ◽

The Social ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Assertive Behavior ◽

Variable Impact

The extent to which the literature shows assertiveness produces favorable social outcomes in several occupational contexts was examined. Assertive job-seeking behavior may have a variable impact depending on such factors as the riskiness of the behavior, the size of the company, and the nature of the pool of applicants. Managers view assertive behavior, displayed in work-related interactions, more favorably than self-effacing behavior. Assertive customers more readily stand up for their rights and have more positive perceptions of business than nonassertive consumers. Less reliance on analogue studies and improved measurement systems for assessing social reactivity to assertiveness were recommended.

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The Causes of Greek Decline

The Journal of Hellenic Studies ◽

10.2307/627042 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 10-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. W. Walbank

Keyword(s):

Economic Life ◽

Ancient History ◽

Special Significance ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

The Right ◽

Of Greece

In one of the most popular anthology passages in Latin, Servius Sulpicius, writing to console Cicero for his daughter's death, describes how, as he reached Greek waters, sailing from Asia, he began to look about him at the ruins of Greece. ‘Behind me was Aegina, in front of me Megara, on the right the Piraeus, on the left Corinth, cities which had once been prosperous, but now lay shattered ruins before my sight.’ Oppidum cadavera he goes on to call them—corpses of cities! The picture, it will probably be objected, is overdrawn; certainly the ruin of Greece was, by Cicero's time, already a rhetorical commonplace, to be echoed by Horace, Ovid and Seneca in turn. But it was based upon an essential truth. The Saronic Gulf, once the centre of the world, was now, for all that Greece meant, a dead lake lapping about the foundations of dead cities. In that tragic decay—which was not confined to mainland Greece—we are confronted with one of the most urgent problems of ancient history, and one with a special significance for our generation, who were already living in an age of economic, political and spiritual upheaval, even before the bombs began to turn our own cities into shattered ruins.This, then, is my reason for reopening a subject on which there is scope for such diverse opinion: adeo maxima quaeque ambigua sunt. If any further justification is required, then I will only add that the recent publication of Professor Michael Rostovtzeff's classic study of the social and economic life of the Hellenistic Age is at once an invitation and a challenge.

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Age Differences in the Social Associative Learning of Trust Information

10.31234/osf.io/b38rd ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽

Alexander P. Christensen ◽

Katherine Senn ◽

Jessica Cooper ◽

Brittany Shane Cassidy

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Age Differences ◽

Social Cues ◽

Trust Game ◽

Time Model ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Age Related ◽

The Social ◽

Over Time

Trust is a key component of social interaction. Older adults, however, often exhibit excessive trust relative to younger adults. One explanation is that older adults may learn to trust differently than younger adults. Here, we examine how younger (N=33) and older adults (N=30) learn to trust over time. Participants completed a classic iterative trust game with three partners. Younger and older adults shared similar amounts but differed in how they shared money. Compared to younger adults, older adults invested more with untrustworthy partners and less with trustworthy partners. As a group, older adults displayed less learning than younger adults. However, computational modeling shows that this is because older adults are more likely to forget what they have learned over time. Model-based fMRI analyses revealed several age-related differences in neural processing. Younger adults showed prediction error signals in social processing areas while older adults showed over-recruitment of several cortical areas. Collectively, these findings suggest that older adults attend to and learn from social cues differently from younger adults.

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The Political Economy of Work and Welfare

The Oxford Handbook of Irish Politics ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198823834.013.25 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 422-444

Author(s):

Micheál L. Collins ◽

Mary P. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Labour Market ◽

Social Protection ◽

Full Employment ◽

The Political ◽

Welfare Regime ◽

The Social ◽

Sectoral Composition ◽

And Migration ◽

Institutional Architecture

The political economy of Irish work and welfare has dramatically changed over recent decades. Since the 1980s, Ireland has experienced two periods of high unemployment followed by two periods of full employment. Alongside this, we see considerable shifts in both the sectoral composition of the workforce and in the institutional architecture underpinning the labour market. Focusing on the last decade, this chapter contextualizes the Irish labour market in the Irish growth model, highlighting issues including occupational upgrading, low pay, gender composition, and migration. The chapter then explores links between this employment structure and Ireland’s changing welfare regime. It considers recent institutional changes, as the welfare regime shifted to a work-first form of activation, and the long-term sustainability of the social protection system. The chapter concludes by highlighting what we see as the core challenges for the political economy of work and welfare in Ireland.

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