Command Decisions

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-522
Author(s):  
Scott Martin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Socioeconomic Class ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Conquest Of Mexico

The interaction of Spanish and indigenous peoples during the conquest of Mexico yielded a wide variety of actions and decisions. Native groups sometimes battled the Spanish but in other instances cooperated. The Spaniards often attacked when facing overwhelming odds but in other situations retreated with meager gains. Insight into those decisions and actions is gained by looking at human wants and preferences. The Friedman-Savage utility function is applied to specific important events of the conquest of Mexico to clarify the decision making of the participants. An interdisciplinary approach is employed in constructing the expected utility of wealth model, where the maximization of the expected utility of wealth and movement between socioeconomic classes is critically analyzed. Evidence from the Juan de Grijalva expedition, interactions with coastal villages, Hernán Cortés's approach to Tenochtitlan, and the Tlaxcalan decision to ally with the Spaniards are used to clearly illustrate the relationship between the utility of wealth and decision making. Looking through the lens of the Friedman-Savage utility function at events up to Cortés's meeting with Moteucçoma, it is clear that the utility of wealth and the unprecedented opportunities to move to a new socioeconomic class were strong factors in the decision making of the participants.

Legal Typologies and Topologies: The Construction of Indigenous Alterity and Its Spatialization Within the Colombian Constitutional Court

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 334-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Bocarejo
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Cultural Survival ◽  
Legal Discourses ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This article examines the different legal articulations between indigenous typologies and topologies, that is, the relationship between someone classified as an indigenous subject, a grantee of minority rights, and the spatial arrangements such as reservations or ancestral territories considered necessary for indigenous “cultural survival.” I analyze how the jurisprudence of the Colombian Constitutional Court manifests and rests on the diverse combinations of these two factors. The typology/topology binary characterizes the manner in which these legal discourses portray indigeneity and culture. This binary also offers insight into a broad range of issues, including the access that indigenous peoples have to minority rights, the use of customary law, and the spatial delimitations that frame indigenous legal jurisdictions. Some of the complexities that arise from this binary are: the conceptualization of indigenous places as habitats, the idea of culture as a list of traits, and the concept of “degrees” of indigeneity that determine these peoples' access to minority rights.

scholarly journals Psychopathology and Law

2018 ◽  
pp. 858-871
Author(s):  
Gareth S. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Methodological Pluralism ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Valid Consent ◽  
The Relationship

In this chapter, the relationship between psychopathology and law is examined by focusing on decision-making capacity (or competence). Jaspers’s methodological pluralism and an approach to psychopathology drawing upon phenomenology as a philosophical, qualitative discipline inform the interdisciplinary approach taken in the chapter. Starting with a short introduction to the legal components of valid consent, it then focuses on decision-making capacity (DMC) in the context of frontal brain injury, schizophrenia, and depression. DMC is examined using clinical epidemiological methods (in Jaspers’s mode of explanation) and using clinical phenomenological methods (Jaspers’s mode of understanding). It is argued that this interdisciplinary approach can further knowledge of the relevant decision-making abilities and inabilities and put us in a better position to implement strategies for DMC assessment in practice.

Framing Sustainable Practices

2019 ◽  
pp. 1510-1526
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Gauthier ◽  
Chris Meyer ◽  
David Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Resource Based View ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This paper develops and clarifies social intrapreneurship theory by examining the “how” of effective intrapreneurial championing. More specifically, the authors consider the following research question: How does the manner in which middle managers frame sustainable practices influence successful championing outcomes? The authors integrate the natural-resource-based view of the firm with research on middle management championing behaviors and issue-contingent models of ethical decision making to propose a model of sustainability championing for social intrapreneurs. To that end, propositions are developed concerning the relationship between the types of sustainable practice championed, how the argument for a given practice is framed, and successful championing outcomes. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on social intrapreneurship, providing insight into how intrapreneurial championing can be more effective and building a foundation for future research.

From Chicago to Paris

2018 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Ivan Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Expected Utility Theory ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cardinal Utility ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
The Face

Chapter 11 studies the second phase of the debate on expected utility theory (EUT), which commenced in May 1950, when Paul Samuelson, Leonard J. Savage, Jacob Marschak, Milton Friedman, and William Baumol initiated an intense exchange of letters. These economists argued about the exact assumptions underlying EUT, quarreled over whether these assumptions are compelling requisites for rational behavior under risk, and debated the nature of the cardinal utility function u featured in EUT. This correspondence modified the views of all five economists and transformed Samuelson into a supporter of EUT. In a prominent conference in Paris in May 1952, Friedman, Savage, Marschak, and Samuelson advocated EUT in the face of attacks from Maurice Allais and other opponents of the theory. The Paris conference and the publication of an Econometrica symposium on EUT in October 1952 marked the emergence of EUT as the mainstream economic model of decision-making under risk.

scholarly journals Voluntary liquidation: When is it financially profitable?

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Paweł Wnuczak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Mathematical Finance ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Value Based Management ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Voluntary Liquidation ◽  
Insight Into

The aim of this article is to offer insight into a concept making it possible to assess the financial rationality of the voluntary liquidation of businesses. The author of the study presents a decision-making algorithm that should be applied before deciding to voluntarily liquidate a business entity. The algorithm is based on the concept of Value Based Management (VBM), and the related calculations have been performed following the basic rules of mathematical finance. The presented solution is also based on the calculation of free cash flow generated by an enterprise for its owners and on investigating the relationship between the said cash flow and the rate of return expected to be attained by the enterprise’s owners. Because no such models are given or discussed in the literature covering the subject matter, it appears that the proposed solution may become a valuable tool to improve the process of making a decision in the scope of voluntary liquidation of an enterprise.

scholarly journals Decision-making, leadership and performance links in private education institutes

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuri Gökhan Torlak ◽  
Ahmet Demir ◽  
Taylan Budur
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Leadership Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationships between participative decision-making, ethical leadership and leadership performance, which might make school leaders quit autocratic behavior and enhance their performance at private K12 schools in Iraq. Design/methodology/approach The researchers collected data through a questionnaire using a stratified sampling methodology from 207 educators of 10 institutions. The research methodology included demographic analysis, factor analysis, structural equation modeling and mediation analysis. Findings The participative decision-making affected moral, knowledge and attitude that contributed to leadership performance. Besides, the only attitude mediated the relationship between participative decision-making and leadership performance. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to private K12 schools in Iraq. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. It might guide educational institutes to change their management style. Originality/value The study delivers a unique insight into education in Iraq.

The Expected Utility Theory and Measurement Theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944–1947

2018 ◽  
pp. 147-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Theory Of Measurement ◽  
Measurement Theory ◽  
Expected Utility Theory ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
Von Neumann

Chapter 9 discusses the axiomatic version of expected utility theory (EUT), a theory of decision-making under risk, put forward by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in their book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944). EUT was a changing factor in the history of utility measurement. In fact, while discussions of the measurability of utility before 1944 focused on the utility used to analyze decision-making between risk-free alternatives, after that year, discussions centered on the utility used to analyze decision-making between risky alternatives. In Theory of Games, the nature of the cardinal utility function u featured in von Neumann and Morgenstern’s EUT, and its relationship with the riskless utility function U of previous utility analysis remained ambiguous. Von Neumann and Morgenstern also put forward an axiomatic theory of measurement, which presents some similarities with Stanley Smith Stevens’s measurement theory but had no immediate impact on utility analysis.

scholarly journals Computational Goals, Values and Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 2487-2495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise A. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Engineering Ethics ◽  
Rational Agent ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Do So

Abstract Considering the popular framing of an artificial intelligence as a rational agent that always seeks to maximise its expected utility, referred to as its goal, one of the features attributed to such rational agents is that they will never select an action which will change their goal. Therefore, if such an agent is to be friendly towards humanity, one argument goes, we must understand how to specify this friendliness in terms of a utility function. Wolfhart Totschnig (Fully Autonomous AI, Science and Engineering Ethics, 2020), argues in contrast that a fully autonomous agent will have the ability to change its utility function and will do so guided by its values. This commentary examines computational accounts of goals, values and decision-making. It rejects the idea that a rational agent will never select an action that changes its goal but also argues that an artificial intelligence is unlikely to be purely rational in terms of always acting to maximise a utility function. It nevertheless also challenges the idea that an agent which does not change its goal cannot be considered fully autonomous. It does agree that values are an important component of decision-making and explores a number of reasons why.

scholarly journals Driving Space for Autonomous Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-253
Author(s):  
Diange Yang ◽  
Xinyu Jiao ◽  
Kun Jiang ◽  
Zhong Cao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fundamental Step ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDriving space for autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a simplified representation of real driving environments that helps facilitate driving decision processes. Existing literatures present numerous methods for constructing driving spaces, which is a fundamental step in AV development. This study reviews the existing researches to gain a more systematic understanding of driving space and focuses on two questions: how to reconstruct the driving environment, and how to make driving decisions within the constructed driving space. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of driving space are analyzed. The study provides further understanding of the relationship between perception and decision-making and gives insight into direction of future research on driving space of AVs.

scholarly journals Profit contribution information’s impact on internal integration

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Scott J Grawe ◽  
Haozhe Chen ◽  
Daniel D Mattioda ◽  
Patricia J Daugherty
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Information Availability ◽  
Internal Integration ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

An exploratory quantitative study on the relationship between profit contribution information and firm-wide internal integration is presented. Specifically, the authors examine how profit contribution information availability impacts firm-wide internal integration and, subsequently, logistics performance. This study provides greater insight into the area; only a few studies have empirically examined the impact of profit contribution information within a firm. The primary implication is that firms should utilize specific types of information, i.e. profit contribution information, for making more informed operational and strategic decisions. The paper also underscores the managerial value of using profit contribution information in decision making and planning.

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