Intracellular bound chlorophyll residues identify 1 Gyr-old fossils as eukaryotic algae

The acquisition of photosynthesis is a fundamental step in the evolution of eukaryotes. However, few phototrophic organisms are unambiguously recognized in the Precambrian record. The in situ detection of metabolic byproducts in individual microfossils is the key for the direct identification of their metabolisms. Here, we report a new integrative methodology using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence and absorption. We evidence bound nickel-geoporphyrins moieties in low-grade metamorphic rocks, preserved in situ within cells of a ~1 Gyr-old multicellular eukaryote, Arctacellularia tetragonala. We identify these moieties as chlorophyll derivatives, indicating that A. tetragonala was a phototrophic eukaryote, one of the first unambiguous algae. This new approach, applicable to overmature rocks, creates a strong new proxy to understand the evolution of phototrophy and diversification of early ecosystems.

Inclusive Assessment Methods for a Heterogeneous Group

Contextualizing course materials is a fundamental step in integrating inclusive and appropriate methods of assessment into a post-secondary introductory-level Spanish as a Heritage Language course. The author discusses why a portfolio project is an appropriate assessment choice in the heritage language classroom. While the focus of the chapter is the implementation of contextualized input through a portfolio project, other methods of assessments, along with changes to syllabi, are discussed. The chapter outlines a contextualized assessment implementation in the form of a portfolio project in a post-secondary heritage language course.

The Legal Treatment of Religious Dissent in Western Europe: A Comparative View

This article examines the legal treatment of religious dissent from a comparative perspective, by focusing on the legal evolution from intolerance to toleration, and from toleration to emancipation in France, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom. Historically, in Europe, only people professing the official religion were regarded as full members of the political community. Those who professed another religion were expelled, persecuted, discriminated or – in the best cases – merely tolerated. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in different degrees and forms according to the country concerned, European states started separating citizenship from religious belonging – a fundamental step in the process of secularisation of law in Europe. This development led to the emancipation of religious dissenters through the recognition of both the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of one's religion or belief, and the individual right to freedom of religion and belief.

DATA PROTECTION BY DEFAULT AND BY DESIGN IN THE AGE OF DIGITALISATION

The concept of data protection by default and by design is fundamental step for understanding contemporary personal data protection processes. The principle of "data protection by design" has been introduced to protect the rights of individuals in the automated processing of personal data. It should be reflected in all contemporary epitome of digitalisation, including artificial intelligence. Its continuation is the data protection by default.

Image Segmentation Techniques with Machine Learning

Image segmentation is the fundamental step to analyze images and extract data from them. This paper concentrates on the idea behind the basic methods used. Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments(i. e. sets of pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries(line, curve) in image. The Image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image. Each of pixels in a region are similar with respect to some characteristics colour, intensity or texture. The various segmentation techniques discussed in this paper.

Pneumocare: A Website for Detecting Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a form of a respiration contamination that impacts the lungs. In those acute breathing sicknesses, human lungs which can be made from small sacs referred to as alveoli which can be in air in everyday and wholesome people however in pneumonia those alveoli get filled with fluid or "pus” one of the fundamental step of phenomena detection and treatment is getting the chest X-ray of the (CXR). So Chest X-ray is a first-rate tool in treating pneumonia, similarly to many alternatives taken with the aid of the usage of doctor are dependent on the chest X-ray. Our venture is ready detection of Pneumonia by means of chest X-ray using Convolutional Neural network. on this undertaking, we are able to look at the abilties of 2nd medical imaging to investigate records from the NIH Chest X-ray Dataset and educate a CNN to classify a given chest x-ray for the presence or absence of pneumonia. Keywords: alveoli, CNN, NIH

Precise identification of cancer cells from allelic imbalances in single cell transcriptomes

A fundamental step of tumour single cell mRNA analysis is separating cancer and non-cancer cells. We show that the common approach to separation, using shifts in average expression, can lead to erroneous biological conclusions. By contrast, allelic imbalances representing copy number changes directly detect the cancer genotype and accurately separate cancer from non-cancer cells. Our findings provide a definitive approach to identifying cancer cells from single cell mRNA sequencing data.

Tailorizing Taylorism: to Investigate the Principles of Taylorism and How They Can Inform the Design of a Contemporary Movement Efficient Dwelling

<p>Despite contemporary social activities changing drastically at the turn of the twenty-first century, residential layouts have not changed. This thesis takes the position that dwellings should be designed to facilitate movement efficiency and be moulded around our daily routine. This study seeks to investigate how the contemporary dwelling can adopt Taylorism’s principals from the commercial industry, to facilitate movement efficiency in the home. The research will further look at micro architecture as a contemporary manifestation of Taylorism and use it as an architectural precedent. From the investigation, this research helped formulate a brief for a contemporary method of designing, in which the architect views the individual’s routine as a production process to be refined and optimized. The study preformed ethnographic studies on a three individuals whom wanted their home to be an instrument for their living. One study was chosen to analyze. From the study of the individual’s inhabitation, a prototype was designed around the ecology of objects used in their routine. This became a fundamental step in the brief. Once the prototype is created it was revealed that the architect would have an excellent understanding of how their individual dwelled, and therefore could use the prototype to design an efficient routine. Through the method of interrogating and stripping back the individual’s inhabitation, this process helped redefine the architect’s role and approach to designing contemporary dwelling. The dwelling created using the brief was entirely customized and facilitates every aspect of the client’s contemporary routine.</p>

Tailorizing Taylorism: to Investigate the Principles of Taylorism and How They Can Inform the Design of a Contemporary Movement Efficient Dwelling

<p>Despite contemporary social activities changing drastically at the turn of the twenty-first century, residential layouts have not changed. This thesis takes the position that dwellings should be designed to facilitate movement efficiency and be moulded around our daily routine. This study seeks to investigate how the contemporary dwelling can adopt Taylorism’s principals from the commercial industry, to facilitate movement efficiency in the home. The research will further look at micro architecture as a contemporary manifestation of Taylorism and use it as an architectural precedent. From the investigation, this research helped formulate a brief for a contemporary method of designing, in which the architect views the individual’s routine as a production process to be refined and optimized. The study preformed ethnographic studies on a three individuals whom wanted their home to be an instrument for their living. One study was chosen to analyze. From the study of the individual’s inhabitation, a prototype was designed around the ecology of objects used in their routine. This became a fundamental step in the brief. Once the prototype is created it was revealed that the architect would have an excellent understanding of how their individual dwelled, and therefore could use the prototype to design an efficient routine. Through the method of interrogating and stripping back the individual’s inhabitation, this process helped redefine the architect’s role and approach to designing contemporary dwelling. The dwelling created using the brief was entirely customized and facilitates every aspect of the client’s contemporary routine.</p>

Evaluation of the cutting ability of two reciprocating instruments (WaveOne Gold e W-file)

Instrumentation is a fundamental step in endodontic treatment to promote proper cleaning and shaping of the canal. The objective of this study was to compare the cutting capacity of two reciprocal nickel-titanium systems in simulated canal blocks. Sixty acrylic blocks were used, divided into two groups of reciprocal files (WaveOne Gold - WOG and W-File - WF), each with 30 blocks and divided into 3 groups (n=10) representing the first, second and third uses: WOG1, WOG2, WOG3, WF1, WF2, and WF3, respectively. Ink was injected into the simulated channels, which were covered with laminated paper to avoid affecting the instrumentation. For irrigation, 5mL of saline was used at each instrument change. At the end of instrumentation, the blocks were photographed and analyzed in a computer program to compare the results before and after instrumentation. In the statistical analysis, the tests S Shapiro-Wilk, T for independent samples and Mann Whitney were performed. Under the experimental conditions in which this study was conducted, it is concluded that there were no significant differences in apical transport after the third application. However, the instruments of the W-File group had more conservative preparations with a better centralization capacity compared to the instruments of the WaveOne Gold group, which caused preparations with a larger diameter.