Labour takes Root; Mobilization and Immobilization of Javanese Rural Society under the Cultivation System

Itinerario ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Blussé
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Export Crops ◽  
Mode Of Production

In the production of tropical export crops, the factor labour has always overshadowed the two other factors, land and capital. In the days prior to the mechanisation of agriculture, that is to say, far into the second half of the 19th century, the factor capital almost coincided with labour. “Des bras, des bras, toujours des bras” as the saying went among the planters of the Mascareignes. However, it would be wrong to suggest that before the industrial revolution the relative importance of labour only manifested itself in the production of tropical export crops. There is a revered tradition in economic theory which considers labour to be the only source of wealth. Thus, Karl Marx proposed that the value produced by a labourer above the maintenance level should be designated as surplus value. For him, the control of this surplus lay at the basis of each “mode of production” (his term for a stage of development). Each mode of production was characterised by a specific set of social relations between the labourer, the ruling class that appropriates the surplus value, and the means of production. Labour and the labour process therefore were in his eyes a social phenomenon. One might add they are inherent to the tissue of authorities that constituate any social order.

Obstacles to a world state in the shadow of the world market

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
World Market ◽  
Niklas Luhmann ◽  
World State ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Ecological Dominance

This article explores the obstacles to the development and operation of a world state that are rooted in functional differentiation of modern societies, the ecological dominance of the broadly capitalist world market, and the inherent tendencies of all forms of governance to fail. It also highlights the challenges to the temporal as well as territorial sovereignty of states, whatever their scale of operation, due to the acceleration as well as globalization of social relations. Combining insights from Niklas Luhmann and Karl Marx, the article develops some novel arguments about multi-spatial metagovernance as an alternative approach to the problems posed by a world state as the guarantor of global social order.

1. Socialist traditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-41
Author(s):  
Michael Newman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘Socialist traditions’ looks at the early forms of socialism that arose in reaction to the poverty and inequality caused by the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. Three key socialist theories—utopianism, anarchism, and Marxism—are explored. The utopians pioneered the idea of communes, anarchists and collectivists encouraged distrust in authority and hierarchy, and Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels introduced their concept of socialism as a result of the conflicts inherent in the capitalist system. Leninism in Russia was not a fully-fledged philosophical or political movement, but it was shaped by a socialist belief in the workers’ right to control their fate.

scholarly journals The discovery of surplus value: Karl Marx and Senior’s ‘last hour’

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Kenneth Smith
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Capitalist Enterprise ◽  
Mode Of Production

This essay claims to discover the point at which Marx worked out his theory of surplus value sometime during the 10-year period between 1857 and the publication of Capital Vol. I in 1867. This, it is claimed, was due to his reading of a well-known pamphlet by an English Oxford University professor of political economy, Nassau W. Senior. Senior had claimed that capitalist manufacturers made all of their profit during the last hour of the then normal 12-hour working day. Marx knew that this was incorrect since, if Senior was right, the capitalists might just as well employ their workers for this 1 hour alone and not bother with the other 11 hours of the working day. The workers must then have been doing something else which was of value to the capitalists over and above merely producing their profit. This something else Marx realised was nothing less than the renewal of the worn out fabric of the capitalist enterprise and hence, along with this, the recreation year after year of the capitalists claims to be the legitimate owners of the enterprise. This essay then also claims to have identified two letters by Marx written just 11 months apart which might help to further date the discovery of surplus value, in the first of which, written in 1862, Marx gives Senior’s incorrect view of surplus value as profit and in the second of which, written in 1863, he gives his mature view of surplus value as profit plus the recreation of the capitalist mode of production itself. Having made this theoretical breakthrough by 1863, Marx finally stopped making notebooks and threw himself into the writing of Capital Vol. I in 1864, the year in which by chance Nassau Senior died.

Evolutionary social progress, 1762–1848

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Toye
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Progressive Change ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Universal Scheme ◽  
Mode Of Production

Early travellers’ accounts of the lifestyles of native Americans inspired Adam Smith to create the first model of human socioeconomic progress. Each of the four stages of progressive change were based on a distinctive mode of subsistence, but the transaction between stages was explained poorly. The advent of the Industrial Revolution provoked Karl Marx to update this model by drawing on Guizot’s history of medieval class conflict as the mechanism of transition in a universal scheme of evolutionary stages of the mode of production and their distinctive methods of labour exploitation. This was the basis of Marx’s claim to have done for social science what Darwin had done for evolutionary theory in the natural sciences.

scholarly journals CRIMINALISTICS SUBJECT: STAGES OF FORMATION AND MODERN APPROACHES

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 62-73
Author(s):  
V. V. Yusupov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Crime Investigation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Currently transformation of criminalistics subject is determined due to reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office, courts and other bodies of criminal justice authorities of Ukraine, change of status, powers of operational units, bodies of pre-trial investigation , expert institutions, and their organizational and structural reformations. Concepts regarding the initial stage of development criminalistics subject has been improved. This stage defined the period 1893–1914 years, when the data on the criminalistics subject reflected in writings, mainly Western European criminalists (H. Gross, R. Reiss, A. Nicheforo, etc.).  Five stages of development approaches to the criminalistics subject are proposed: first (1893–1914) – physical evidence research, the behavior of criminals and the activities of participants in criminal process; second (1915 – until the 1930s) – technical support for crime investigation; third (1930s to 1967) – disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; fourth (1967 to the end of the 20th century) – research on patterns of information emergence about the crime and those based on cognition of these patterns, forensic means and methods of disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; fifth (beginning of the 19th century until the present) – criminalistics is defined as a science studying criminal activity patterns, genesis of information about a crime or any phenomenon in society and which is used in a number of types of legal proceedings and related social relations. The author has proved that in such new approach to the definition of criminalistics subject it is necessary to take into account the scope of criminalistic knowledge application, conceptual approaches to crime investigation provided by criminal procedural law, modern legal terminology.

Jenny

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Willy Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Machine Tool ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Labor Power ◽  
The Status ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Mode Of Production

This chapter looks at how Karl Marx figures the expanded circulation of capital as it spread around the planet in the becoming of the spinning Jenny, a complex machine-tool and the epitome of the Industrial Revolution. It highlights the power of the Jenny, such that Marx granted it the status of an event that reveals itself posthumously as the trace of the Industrial Revolution. The Jenny, a complex machine-tool, is a mechanism that executes functions that are analogous to those carried out by artisanal labor power that uses similar tools. The chapter also looks at how the Jenny broke out of the limits imposed by the working body-machine of fixed, endogenous, specialized terminals of the artisanal mode of production. As a mechanical body, the Jenny had already been dreamed of in the seventeenth century by René Descartes in his Treatise on Man, but which might best be referred to as a Treatise on Artificial Man.

A. Korsak as the First Russian Comparative Economist

2011 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
G. Gloveli
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Evolution ◽  
Russian Agriculture ◽  
Russian Intellectual History ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Mode Of Production

The paper reconstructs the conception of the Russian industrial evolution proposed by A. Korsak (1832-1874) who was a founder of the historical tradition in Russian political economy and the first Russian scholar who used a category "industrial revolution". The author shows Korsak's contribution to the analysis of the distinguishing features and institutions of Russian agriculture and manufacturing originating from national geography and history. The paper emphasizes elements of Korsak's conception that predicted both Marx's generalization of the stages of capitalist mode of production and research of German "Young" Historical School of political economy. The author considers Korsak's heritage in a broad context of Russian intellectual history, including main political economy debates of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Historical Context of the Conceptual Foundations of Economic Systems (In the Context of «Capital» by Karl Marx)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
Andrey Atanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Mode Of Production

The article considers the conceptual constructions of K. Marx brought in accordance with the conceptual system of G. Hegel. The author stresses that such concepts such as value, commodity, wealth, etc. are understood quite differently in Russia and Western Europe. Therefore, the semantic mismatch between these concepts in the context of civilizational approach expressed in the system of logical analysis occurs. As a result, the description of the traditional for Russia structures of economy, social relations, and historical development began to distort. This description is based on the methodology of Marx, bringing the real structures in accordance with his theory, but further the author states that the concepts of Marx are general, but not universal (at the outside, they are based on the theme of community - but the basis of community is a different system of values). In the course of the study, it was found that there is no object of Marxist methodology in Russian capitalism, as well as in history and social relations, since there were no equivalent to Marxism structures in the world of the real things of Russia. This kind of structures belongs to the capitalist mode of production in Western Europe. In Russia, they were placed in the structure of ideology, replacing the real object with the imaginary one. Thus, in this case, there is the category of formation, but it only generates an effect - existential and ontological foundations exist as real and true in a completely different social system.

scholarly journals THE PROCESSES ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION, SPATIAL ARTICULATION, SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL DIFFERENCE IN THE DYNAMICS OF NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE FRINGE AREA OF MAKASSAR CITY, INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1229-1241
Author(s):  
Batara Surya
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Local Community ◽  
City Development ◽  
New Town ◽  
Town Development ◽  
New City ◽  
Mode Of Production

The study aims at analyzing process of urbanization and spatial articulation as the determinant of social change, and finding out social capital differences between migrant and local community in the dynamics of new city development in Metro Tanjung Bunga area. The findings show that spatial articulation in Metro Tanjung Bunga area was initiated by the development of new functions as a stimulating factor of urbanization and infiltrative and expansive migration to Metro Tanjung Bunga area. Spatial articulation causes coexistence of two kinds of mode of production in mastery of reproduction of space which is dominated by capitalist mode of production. It also has an effect of social change and social capital difference between migrant and local community. Occupational differentiation drives process of social interaction between local community and migrant in purpose to establish social relationship and social relations. Economically, the establishment is integrative for basic needs compliance and in effort to maintain existence of local community. Social change portrays differences of social capital, social order and life style between expansive migrant,infiltrative migrant and local community.

Kazimir Malevich: Economy as the Fifth Dimension

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 215-228
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Fifth Dimension ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
Contemporary Painting ◽  
New Criterion ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with the impact that Karl Marx"s Das Kapital (and especially its fourth volume, the theory of Surplus Value) had on the category of economy in Kazimir Malevich"s output. In a series of texts, Malevich proclaims economy the new criterion of art and the Black Square its embodiment in contemporary painting. While the author was analyzing Marx"s views on labor and human nature, echoes of them turned up in Malevich"s manifestos and philosophical essays where the artist pondered the idea of the liberation of creative exaltation. The article others an interpretation of the creative process itself from the standpoint of economy, which for Malevich provided an opportunity to lay down the foundation for a new kind of art that was consistent with the prevailing ideology. The author points out that while Malevich was in Vitebsk he studied Marx"s works with idea of incorporating economic studies into art: his speculations on the relationships between the ideological superstructure and the practical, economic base were written in the manner of Marxist philosophy and provided the basis for his main essays, The World as Non-Objectivity (1923) and Suprematism: Thee World as Non-Objectivity or Eternal Rest (1923-1924). They defined the new art as an independent ideological superstructure positioned “outside of other contents and ideologies.” Parallel to that, the author examines the correspondence between Malevich"s theory of the surplus element and Marxist doctrines on surplus value. It is also shown that Malevich hoped to prove that, as in dialectical materialism, his new surplus element opens the way to a new artistic structure that is emerging from the womb of the old system in the same way that communism comes about as a kind of heterogeneous body from within the underpinnings of bourgeois society.

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