scholarly journals Historical Context of the Conceptual Foundations of Economic Systems (In the Context of «Capital» by Karl Marx)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
Andrey Atanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Mode Of Production

The article considers the conceptual constructions of K. Marx brought in accordance with the conceptual system of G. Hegel. The author stresses that such concepts such as value, commodity, wealth, etc. are understood quite differently in Russia and Western Europe. Therefore, the semantic mismatch between these concepts in the context of civilizational approach expressed in the system of logical analysis occurs. As a result, the description of the traditional for Russia structures of economy, social relations, and historical development began to distort. This description is based on the methodology of Marx, bringing the real structures in accordance with his theory, but further the author states that the concepts of Marx are general, but not universal (at the outside, they are based on the theme of community - but the basis of community is a different system of values). In the course of the study, it was found that there is no object of Marxist methodology in Russian capitalism, as well as in history and social relations, since there were no equivalent to Marxism structures in the world of the real things of Russia. This kind of structures belongs to the capitalist mode of production in Western Europe. In Russia, they were placed in the structure of ideology, replacing the real object with the imaginary one. Thus, in this case, there is the category of formation, but it only generates an effect - existential and ontological foundations exist as real and true in a completely different social system.

scholarly journals Merging the Human and the Nonhuman: The Object Narrator in The Adventures of a Black Coat

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
Ivana Dragoș ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Commodity Fetishism ◽  
The World ◽  
Pedagogical Function

Rooted in the tradition of eighteenth-century circulation novels recounted by an object narrator, The Adventures of a Black Coat (1760) epitomizes the features of this experimental novelistic subgenre by foregrounding a coat which, acting as a homodiegetic narrator, lambastes the world of commodities prompted by the rise of early capitalism. As an object endowed with moral conscience, the coat epistemologically proves to be a reliable narrator that is able to render authentic experience and feelings by getting empirically involved in the world it describes. Worn by a few owners, the coat becomes a sharp observer of society and, most importantly, it foreshadows what Karl Marx has termed “commodity fetishism.” According to Marx, commodities and humans become part of a process that is economically endorsed by exchange. Read in this light, I argue that the text reveals the Marxist process of reification whereby social relations between humans turn into social relations between things. Despite being an object narrator, the coat fulfils a typically eighteenth-century pedagogical function, in that it warns the reader against the degrading morals of a society addicted to material culture.

scholarly journals Digital Workers of the World Unite! A Framework for Critically Theorising and Analysing Digital Labour

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Fuchs ◽  
Marisol Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
New Products ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Work Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Power ◽  
Mode Of Production

The overall task of this paper is to elaborate a typology of the forms of labour that are needed for the production, circulation and use of digital media. First, we introduce a cultural-materialist perspective on theorising digital labour. Second, we discuss the relevance of Marx’s concept of the mode of production for the analysis of digital labour. Third, we introduce a typology of the dimensions of working conditions. Fourth, based on the preceding sections we present a digital labour analysis toolbox. Finally, we draw some conclusions. We engage with the question what labour is, how it differs from work, which basic dimensions it has and how these dimensions can be used for defining digital labour. We introduce the theoretical notion of the mode of production as analytical tool for conceptualizing digital labour. Modes of production are dialectical units of relations of production and productive forces. Relations of production are the basic social relations that shape the economy. Productive forces are a combination of labour power, objects and instruments of work in a work process, in which new products are created. We have a deeper look at dimensions of the work process and the conditions under which it takes place. We present a typology that identifies dimensions of working conditions. It is a general typology that can be used for the analysis of any production process.

Political corruption in Central and Eastern Europe

2018 ◽  
pp. 169-193
Author(s):  
James L. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Third World ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist Countries

Political scientists have conventionally distinguished between advanced liberal democracies; communist and post-communist states, and so-called third-world countries. Though used less frequently than was once the case, the groups or ones like them are distinguished because drawing general conclusions about the nature of political life requires being able to categorise in order to compare countries; and because, broadly speaking, the groups mark broad distinctions tending to correlate with a range of variables including political corruption. Placing, then, the liberal democracies of Western Europe in one category and the former communist countries of Europe, plus Russia, in another reveals that corruption is a larger problem in the latter part of the world than it is in the former. Against this background, the chapter looks at the historical context of corruption during the communist era. It then provides an overview of the extent of corruption in the post-communist era and of the variations in its extent between the states concerned –before explaining the distinctive reasons for the development of these levels of corruption, assessing their impact and looking at what is being done and needs to be done to reduce levels of corruption.

scholarly journals Acumulação capitalista, Estado e reprodução de força de trabalho: o trato teórico-metodológico da política social

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angely Dias da Cunha ◽  
Bernadete de Lourdes Figueiredo de Almeida ◽  
Elizangela Paulino S. Buriti
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
Mode Of Production

Resumo: Esse artigo de cunho qualitativo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo que se alicerça em uma revisão bibliográfica tem o objetivo de analisar o modo de produção capitalista, como acontece o processo de acumulação e reprodução e as inflexões para o papel do estado e da política social, a ênfase é nos períodos marcado por crises que provocam transformações societárias que impactam o mundo do trabalho e das relações sociais. O método crítico-dialético utilizado nessa pesquisa se debruça sobre as categorias mediação, historicidade e dialética com o propósito de desvendar a realidade para além da aparência e aprofundar as análises sobre o capitalismo. Como resultados apontamos que as crises capitalistas provocadas por suas próprias contradições o tem dimensionado o trato teórico-metodológico da política social. Capitalist accumulation, State and workforce reproduction: the theoretical and methodological treatment of the social policy Abstract: This qualitative nature of an article, exploratory and descriptive character which is based on a literature review aims to analyze the capitalist mode of production, as the process of accumulation and reproduction and inflections to the role of the state and social policy, the emphasis is in periods marked by crises that cause societal changes that impact the world of work and social relations. The critical-dialectical method used in this research focuses on the categories mediation, historicity and dialectics in order to unravel the reality beyond appearance and deepen the analysis of capitalism. The results point out that the capitalist crisis caused by its own contradictions has scaled the theoretical-methodological treatment of social policy.

Our Civilizing Mission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colonial Education ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
The World ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
The One ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

Our Civilizing Mission is at once an exploration of colonial education, and a response to current anxieties about the historical and conceptual foundations of the ‘humanities’. On the one hand, focusing in detail on the example of Algeria, it treats colonial education as a facet of colonialism, exploring francophone writing that attests to the suffering inflicted by colonialism, to the shortcomings of colonial education, and to the often painful mismatch between the world of the colonial school and students’ home cultures. On the other hand, it asks what can be learned by treating colonial education not just as an example of colonialism but as a provocative, uncomfortable example of education. Placing writers’ literary and personal accounts of their transformative and often alienating experiences of colonial education in historical context, it raises difficult questions – about languages, literatures, ways of thinking, nationalism and national cultures – that need to be reconsidered by anyone teaching subjects such as French, or English, especially through literature. [160]

THE ROLE OF THE OTTOMANS AND DUTCH IN THE COMMERCIAL INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE LEVANT AND ATLANTIC IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Present Article ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the role of the Ottomans and Dutch in the early commercial integration between the Levant and Atlantic in the seventeenth century. As an expanding trading nation in the world economy, the Dutch Republic played an important role in the commercial integration between the provinces of the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe. The growth of Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the seventeenth century followed the growth of economic relations between the provinces of the Empire and Western Europe.Therefore, the two world economic systems, the Ottoman and Western European economy increasingly opened to each other. Le présent article examine les rôles respectifs des Ottomans et des Néerlandais dans le début de l'intégration commerciale entre le Levant et l'Océan Atlantique au XVIIème siècle. Nation commerciale en expansion dans l'économie mondiale, la République hollandaise a joué un rôle important dans l'intégration commerciale des provinces de l'Empire Ottoman à l'Europe Occidentale dans la même période. La croissance des relations économiques entre le monde ottoman et la Hollande au XVIIème siècle a suivi la progression des échanges entre l'Empire et l'Europe occidentale. En conséquence, les deux systèmes économiques du monde se sont de plus en plus ouverts l'un à l'autre.

Labour takes Root; Mobilization and Immobilization of Javanese Rural Society under the Cultivation System

Itinerario ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Blussé
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Export Crops ◽  
Mode Of Production

In the production of tropical export crops, the factor labour has always overshadowed the two other factors, land and capital. In the days prior to the mechanisation of agriculture, that is to say, far into the second half of the 19th century, the factor capital almost coincided with labour. “Des bras, des bras, toujours des bras” as the saying went among the planters of the Mascareignes. However, it would be wrong to suggest that before the industrial revolution the relative importance of labour only manifested itself in the production of tropical export crops. There is a revered tradition in economic theory which considers labour to be the only source of wealth. Thus, Karl Marx proposed that the value produced by a labourer above the maintenance level should be designated as surplus value. For him, the control of this surplus lay at the basis of each “mode of production” (his term for a stage of development). Each mode of production was characterised by a specific set of social relations between the labourer, the ruling class that appropriates the surplus value, and the means of production. Labour and the labour process therefore were in his eyes a social phenomenon. One might add they are inherent to the tissue of authorities that constituate any social order.

What Is Man? Interpreting the Philosophical-Anthropological Ideas of Karl Marx Part 1: Generic Essence and Praxis

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Petr N. Kondrashov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Historical Being ◽  
Generic Essence

This article uses the key concepts available in Karl Marx’s texts and attempts to answer the question, “What is man?” The author explores such constitutive aspects of man’s generic essence (Gattungswesen des Menschen) and of man’s worldly being as corporeality and relationship with nature; suffering as a product of desire; praxis (Praxis) as productive creative activity (produktive Tätigkeit, Selbstbetätigung) that is carried out in the dialectical processes of objectification (Vergegenständlichung, Äußerung) and de-objectification (Entgegenständlichung, Aneignung); man’s universality; objectivity (Gegenständlichkeit) of the man-made human world; intersubjectivity and sociality/sociability (Gesellschaftlichkeit); interplay of social relations (das Ensemble der gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse); the existential and emotional relations of man (menschlichen Verhältnisse zur Welt) to the world of nature, to human activity, to the results of one’s labor, to other people, and to oneself. We demonstrate that the generic essence of man is not granted by nature but evolves in the course of historical development. Moreover, in Capital, Marx distinguishes between the invariant essence (Praxis) and historical modifications of praxis. Therefore, history is understood as “continuous change of human nature,” and man himself as a historical being. In spite of later reductionist interpretations, Marx conceptualizes man as a living, uniquely generic (socially individual), integral being, whose essential mode of existence is praxis (social conscious purposeful transforming objectal-instrumental material and spiritual activity). Man is an integral bodily-spiritual being, transforming the natural world (Welt) and creating “worlds” of his own, those of material, social, and spiritual culture (Umwelt), society and its relations (Mitwelt), which are interiorized and form an inner world (Innerlichkeit, Eigenwelt) in the process of practical activity. The article concludes that, following Marx’s philosophical anthropology, man should be considered not only as a “practical being” but also a suffering one, experiencing his worldly existence in the form of partial, existential relations to the world and to himself.

THE CONCEPT «CHILDHOOD» IN THE PARADIGM OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: SEMANTIC-COGNITIVE AND LINGUISTIC CULTURAL ANALYZES

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Anna Kyryliuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Pedagogical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Pedagogical Content ◽  
The Real ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Adult World ◽  
Cultural Component

The article deals with analysis of the term «concept» as one of the most important notions of modernpedagogical science. On the basis of analysis and generalizationof the term «concept», whichpresented in the scientific discussion, it was distinguished invariant signs of this linguistic unit in a pedagogical plane by the author. It should be stressed that the author is proving the expedience to differentiate the terms «concept» and «notion»in pedagogical content concerning to the sociocultural context of scientific discussion. Analyzing the socio-cultural component of the concept of "childhood", the researcher proceeds from the assumptions made about "understanding childhood" in a certain historical period. Among these assumptions, we should note the following: the components of the concept were formed under the influence of the real state of the child in society, the concepts of childhood, which were developed scientifically and ideologically, and were «convenient» for a particular society; understanding of childhood is determined by existing contradictions in society: between the real and desirable social status of the child in the system of social relations; between the bases of social and family upbringing; between the social and psychological limits of the age of the child, etc., understanding of childhood included predictable ways of solving socially important problems related to the development of society, as well as personally significant tasks related to the development of the child; The semantic elements of the concept of «childhood» were determined predominantly by the educational effect of the adult world, fitting into a certain social, cultural and historical context, and shaping its pedagogical paradigm of childhood, understood as a set of attitudes, values-characteristic of members of this society at a certain historical stage and mechanisms of their practical realization in the sphere of pedagogical support of education and upbringing of children. Also the author tries to describe the notional and conceptual loading of the term «childhood» as a discrete unit of human consciousness in the paradigm of modern pedagogical knowledge. This was made possible by the application of complex methodology that combines elements ofsemantic-cognitive and linguistic cultural analyzes.The author comes to the conclusion that theunderstanding of pedagogical terms through the prism of «concepts»allows to find out and use information in not only objective knowledge form, but also in a form, that can be clear and interiorize by the participants of the process of the constructing of a pedagogical reality.

O inexprimível de Jankélévicht, em Glosas sobre um Êxtase de alta contemplação de São João da Cruz

Mayéutica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (102) ◽  
pp. 443-455
Author(s):  
Rocélio Silva Alves ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
The Cross ◽  
John Of The Cross

The article deals with the philosophy of Jankélévitch, in which words such as unknowable, what cannot be expressed are present, and it brings the idea of ambiguous, unfathomable, not separable. This does not mean that his philosophy deals with a chaotic or fruitless reality of what cannot be expressed, but it means that he proposes, in his description of reality, another way of watching the World beyond the real, touchable and specific World, inviting us to contemplate and experience the “I-do-not-what” which surrounds us, which is expressed especially through art. This article addresses a comparison between the mystical experiences of John of the Cross (1542-1591) and the concept of what cannot be expressed of the philosopher Vladmir Jankélévicth (1903-1985). First of all, a brief biography of John of the Cross is presented, stressing his historical context and the “Place” which he describes. Then the article makes an analysis of the poem “Ectasis of High Contemplation”, to stress the elements which are present in the poem, and that help us to approach to Jankélévicth’s philosophy.

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