A Comparison of the End of the Canton and Nagasaki Trade Control Systems

Itinerario ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Ei Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Core ◽  
Northwest Europe ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Trade Control

Owing to the development of global history in recent decades, the idea of the West as the standard by which to consider economic development in other parts of the world has been abandoned.In his studies, Kenneth Pomeranz emphasised the similarities in the living standards that existed in the core region of East Asia and Northwest Europe until the beginning of the nineteenth century. He concludes that the reasons for the great divergence between East Asia and Northwest Europe had to do with the regions' access to coal mines and the New World. His studies stimulated comparisons between East Asian countries, such as China, India, and Japan, with Northwest Europe using different economic indicators.However, these studies do not adequately explain the reason for the “small divergence” between China and Japan after the mid-nineteenth century. There were no significant differences in the living standards or real wages in the core regions of China and Japan until late in the century. Because of the development of transportation technology during the 1800s, the location of coalmines cannot explain the difference between the two countries. Therefore, it is important to examine the institutional background for the “small divergence” between China and Japan.

scholarly journals The Idea of the Anavatapta Lake in India and Its Adoption in East Asia

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Religion And Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
A Site ◽  
Geopolitical Discourse ◽  
Local Cultures

This article centers around the Anavatapta Lake. In East Asian pictorialization of worldview, Maps of Mt. Sumeru, which depict the mountain at the core of the world, are often paired with Maps of India, in which the Anavatapta Lake occupies a significant place. When the concept of the Anavatapta Lake was transmitted from India to China and Japan, it was understood through the lens of local cultures and ideologies, and the lake was envisioned as a site spatially connected to various places in China and Japan. As a result, the idea of the Indian lake located at the center of the human world helped China and Japan formulate their statuses and positions within the religious and geopolitical discourse of Buddhist cosmology. Through investigations of both pictorial and textual sources, this article explores the significance and place that the Anavatapta Lake occupied in East Asian religion and literature.

The Brahmsian Hairpin

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hyun-Su Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
The Core ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Hairpins, the notation symbols < and >, are today universally accepted as equivalent to the markings crescendo and diminuendo, calling for an increase or decrease in volume. This view is irreconcilable with the scores of the core German repertoire of the nineteenth century. This article offers a new understanding of hairpins based on careful examination of the scores of Brahms and of early-twentieth-century recordings by artists close to him. In Brahms's milieu hairpins did not prescribe sounds, but rather described meanings. The difference between prescription and description is central, suggesting that instead of “growing louder/quieter,” hairpins are better understood as “becoming more/less.” The means by which “more/less” was realized by nineteenth-century musicians included many techniques beyond dynamics, most notably agogic inflection.

scholarly journals LIBERALISM, CULTURAL PARTICULARISM, AND THE RULE OF LAW IN MODERN EAST ASIA: THE ANTI-CONFUCIAN ESSENTIALISMS OF CHEN DUXIU AND FUKUZAWA YUKICHI COMPARED

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-542
Author(s):  
KIRI PARAMORE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Exclusionary Practices ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Chen Duxiu

How and why are universalist modes of political thought transformed into culturally essentialist and exclusionary practices of governance and law? This article considers this question by analyzing the interaction between Confucianism and liberalism in East Asia. It argues that liberalism, particularly as it was used in attacking Confucianism, was instrumental in embedding ideas of cultural particularism and cultural essentialism in the emergence of modern political thought and law in both China and Japan. Both Confucianism and liberalism are self-imagined as universalist traditions, theoretically applicable to all global societies. Yet in practice both have regularly been defined in culturally determined, culturally exclusivist terms: Confucianism as “Chinese,” liberalism as “British” or “Western.” The meeting of Confucian and liberal visions of universalism and globalism in nineteenth-century East Asia provides an intriguing case study for considering the interaction between universalism and cultural exclusivism. This article focuses on the role of nineteenth-century global liberalism in attacks upon the previous Confucian order in East Asia, demonstrating the complicity of liberalism in new, culturally essentialist and particularist constructions of governance and law in both China and Japan.

scholarly journals Wages, Earnings and Real Earnings in Teesside

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
First World War ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
World War ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
Considerable Body

The following article attempts to trace the course of working-class living standards in Britain in the comparatively neglected period between 1870 and the First World War. A considerable body of historical opinion sees this period as a time of marked improvement in standards of life, an improvement based essentially on rising real wages. Studies of this period have owed a considerable debt to the pioneering work of A. L. Bowley and G. H. Wood, which produced an invaluable collection of indices for wages and real wages, upon which most general accounts of living standards in the later nineteenth century have drawn. Wood's contention that real wages, in the years roughly between 1874 and 1900, rose by 36 per cent lies at the heart of an interpretation which sees the late-Victorian period as a time of crucial economic and social amelioration. The data are sufficiently comprehensive to show these improvements to be common to all occupations and to lead to the inescapable conclusion that “industrialization paid off generally in higher real wages for all groups in society in the second half of the nineteenth century”.

scholarly journals Neither So Low nor So Short: Wages and Heights in Bourbon Spanish America from an International Comparative Perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL DOBADO-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
HÉCTOR GARCÍA-MONTERO
Keyword(s):  
Spanish America ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The West ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
International Comparative

AbstractThis paper offers new quantitative evidence on living standards in Bourbon America through a pioneering study of both wages and heights. Wages were not low, nor were heights short, by the international standards of the period. The living standards of Spanish Americans thus compare favourably with those of other regions of the world, including Europe. As in many parts of the West, one can observe a trend towards the deterioration of real wages in Spanish America at the end of the period. Our findings suggest that the ‘Great Divergence’ in living standards between Spanish America and the developed Western countries might have taken place mainly after independence and that currently available GDP per capita estimates might be too low.

Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800-01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence Debate

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sashi Sivramkrishna
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
Empirical Contribution

AbstractIndia's position in the Great Divergence debate has remained tentative due to scanty data availability for the medieval and early modern periods. In the years 1800-01, Dr. Francis Buchanan conducted one of the first agricultural surveys in the erstwhile state of Mysore and its adjoining regions. His Journey contains a wealth of information, both quantitative and qualitative, which has not been studied systematically so far. This paper brings together the information scattered throughout his report to construct an aggregate welfare ratio in order to ascertain the overall living standard in Mysore at the turn of the nineteenth century, the eve of colonial intervention in the state. The results from this study have interesting and important implications for the Great Divergence debate. La place de l'Inde dans le débat sur la Grande Divergence est encore incertaine en raison de la rareté des données disponibles pour le Moyen Âge et le début de l'époque moderne. Dans les années 1800-'01, Francis Buchanan mena l'une des premières enquêtes agricoles dans l'ancien Etat de Mysore et les contrées avoisinantes. Son Voyage contient de nombreuses données relatives à cette région, tant quantitatives que qualitatives, qui n'ont jamais fait l'objet d'études systématiques. Cet article réunit les informations disponibles dans son rapport afin de restituer un taux global de bien-être. Il s'agit de déterminer le niveau de vie moyen au Mysore au tournant du XIXe siècle, à l'aube de l'intervention coloniale dans cet Etat. Les résultats de cette étude ont des implications importantes pour le débat sur la Grande Divergence.

Diagnosing and Debunking Korean Pseudohistory

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-80
Author(s):  
Andrew Logie
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The Core ◽  
Early State

In current day South Korea pseudohistory pertaining to early Korea and northern East Asia has reached epidemic proportions. Its advocates argue the early state of Chosŏn to have been an expansive empire centered on mainland geographical Manchuria. Through rationalizing interpretations of the traditional Hwan’ung- Tan’gun myth, they project back the supposed antiquity and pristine nature of this charter empire to the archaeological Hongshan Culture of the Neolithic straddling Inner Mongolia and Liaoning provinces of China. Despite these blatant spatial and temporal exaggerations, all but specialists of early Korea typically remain hesitant to explicitly label this conceptualization as “pseudohistory.” This is because advocates of ancient empire cast themselves as rationalist scholars and claim to have evidential arguments drawn from multiple textual sources and archaeology. They further wield an emotive polemic defaming the domestic academic establishment as being composed of national traitors bent only on maintaining a “colonial view of history.” The canon of counterevidence relied on by empire advocates is the accumulated product of 20th century revisionist and pseudo historiography, but to willing believers and non-experts, it can easily appear convincing and overwhelming. Combined with a postcolonial nationalist framing and situated against the ongoing historiography dispute with China, their conceptualization of a grand antiquity has gained bipartisan political influence with concrete ramifications for professional scholarship. This paper seeks to introduce and debunk the core, seemingly evidential, canon of arguments put forward by purveyors of Korean pseudohistory and to expose their polemics, situating the phenomenon in a broader diagnostic context of global pseudohistory and archaeology.

Characteristics of Asian Mosquito Saliva Allergens for Specific Diagnoses and Effective Therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soung-Hoo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Recombinant Allergens ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mosquito Saliva ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Future Direction

An allergic reaction to mosquitoes can result in severe or abnormal local or systemic reactions such as anaphylaxis, angioedema, and general urticarial or wheezing. The aim of this review is to provide information on mosquito saliva allergens that can support the production of highly specific recombinant saliva allergens. In particular, candidate allergens of mosquitoes that are well suited to the ecology of mosquitoes that occur mainly in East Asia will be identified and introduced. By doing so, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe sensitivity to mosquito allergy will be improved by predicting the characteristics of East Asian mosquito allergy, presenting the future direction of production of recombinant allergens, and understanding the difference between East and West.

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