Comment from the CDC

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 674-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
The Public ◽  
Skin Exposure ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Dr. Glatt makes some thoughtful observations, and his recommendations are similar in many respects to those developed by the Public Health Service (PHS) with advice from expert consultants. However, the PHS did not recommend that new antiretroviral drugs be used routinely to treat lower-risk exposures, because relatively limited data are available on the safety and tolerability of the newer drugs and because the overwhelming majority of workers with lower-risk exposures will not become infected. (The average risk of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] transmission is 0.3% after a percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood and less than that for a mucous membrane or skin exposure.)

scholarly journals Evolution in the Courtroom: Using Phylogenetics to Investigate Legal Claims of HIV Transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Toups ◽  
Jeremy M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Fast Rates

DNA sequences have become ubiquitous across the biological sciences and are even embedded in the public psyche, perhaps most famously in the context of forensic science. A human being’s DNA changes very little over his or her lifetime, and this inherent stability lends itself well to positively identifying individuals using DNA samples. However, not all genomes are so stable, even over short timespans. One particularly dramatic example is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Unlike the human genome, the HIV-1 genome has an extraordinarily high mutation rate. This, in combination with recombination, rapid proliferation, and strong selection exerted by host immune systems, leads to exceptionally fast rates of evolution. The result of these interacting processes is a population of diverse and dynamically evolving HIV-1 genomes in the host, which is one reason why the virus is so difficult to eradicate. HIV-1’s rapid rate of evolution also prevents the use of standard DNA fingerprinting techniques that rely on stable, unchanging genomes to connect the infections in different individuals, but such rapid evolution does lend itself particularly well to phylogenetic analysis.

REDUCTION OF MATERNAL-INFANT TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE I WITH ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-407
Author(s):  
Mary E. Paul ◽  
William T. Shearer ◽  
Joseph A. Church
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Zidovudine Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Zidovudine, given in the regimen described above, significantly reduced the risk of maternal-infant HIV transmission in pregnant women with mildly symptomatic HIV disease and no prior treatment with antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy, with few short-term side effects of therapy.

scholarly journals Limited Sustained Local Transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in New South Wales, Australia

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Giallonardo ◽  
Angie N. Pinto ◽  
Phillip Keen ◽  
Ansari Shaik ◽  
Alex Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Local Transmission

Australia’s response to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic led to effective control of HIV transmission and one of the world’s lowest HIV incidence rates—0.14%. Although there has been a recent decline in new HIV diagnoses in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state in Australia, there has been a concomitant increase with non-B subtype infections, particularly for the HIV-1 circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE. This aforementioned CRF01_AE sampled in NSW, were combined with those sampled globally to identify NSW-specific viral clades. The population growth of these clades was assessed in two-year period intervals from 2009 to 2017. Overall, 109 NSW-specific clades were identified, most comprising pairs of sequences; however, five large clades comprising ≥10 sequences were also found. Forty-four clades grew over time with one or two sequences added to each in different two-year periods. Importantly, while 10 of these clades have seemingly discontinued, the remaining 34 were still active in 2016/2017. Seven such clades each comprised ≥10 sequences, and are representative of individual sub-epidemics in NSW. Thus, although the majority of new CRF01_AE infections were associated with small clades that rarely establish ongoing chains of local transmission, individual sub-epidemics are present and should be closely monitored.

scholarly journals Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Persons Infected With HIV: 2013 Update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. e1-e34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Aberg ◽  
Joel E. Gallant ◽  
Khalil G. Ghanem ◽  
Patricia Emmanuel ◽  
Barry S. Zingman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
New Information ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Care Guidelines ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines ◽  
Specific Health

Abstract Evidence-based guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were prepared by an expert panel of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace those published in 2009. The guidelines are intended for use by healthcare providers who care for HIV-infected patients. Since 2009, new antiretroviral drugs and classes have become available, and the prognosis of persons with HIV infection continues to improve. However, with fewer complications and increased survival, HIV-infected persons are increasingly developing common health problems that also affect the general population. Some of these conditions may be related to HIV infection itself or its treatment. HIV-infected persons should be managed and monitored for all relevant age- and sex-specific health problems. New information based on publications from the period 2009–2013 has been incorporated into this document.

scholarly journals Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Lúcio Lara Santos ◽  
Júlio Santos ◽  
Maria João Gouveia ◽  
Carina Bernardo ◽  
Carlos Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Female Genital

Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.

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