Lack of Nosocomial Spread of Varicella in a Pediatric Hospital with Negative Pressure Ventilated Patient Rooms

AbstractAll patients at the new British Columbia's Children's Hospital with chickenpox or Herpes zoster are nursed with appropriate precautions in single-bed rooms provided with negative pressure ventilation. Over a period of 1 year, no nosocomial infections were detected on follow-up of 110 susceptible patients who had been on wards at the same time as six cases of chickenpox and one immunocompromised patient with cutaneous dissemination of Varicella zoster. In a preceding study at the previous hospital, with similar staff, control measures, and patient population, in an isolation facility without negative pressure ventilation, nosocomial infections occurred in seven out of 41 susceptible patients who were on the same ward as two patients with chickenpox. These findings suggest that a simple negative pressure ventilation system without air locks is a useful adjunct in the control of cutaneous Varicella infections.

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RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF THE STATE OF PROVIDING THE MICROCLIMATE IN THE PIG FARM WITH A NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION SYSTEM

ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC ◽

10.37128/2520-6168-2021-2-17 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 168-177

Author(s):

Vitalii Yaropud ◽

Yelchin Aliyev

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Negative Pressure ◽

Cooling System ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Negative Pressure Ventilation ◽

Normal Limits ◽

Air Supply ◽

Air Cooling System ◽

Pig Farm

The most popular microclimate system today is based on a negative pressure ventilation system. Because it is easier to use and consumes less energy than any other forced ventilation system. The purpose of the research is to inspect the room for keeping piglets on rearing with a negative pressure ventilation system to identify shortcomings and deviations of the microclimate parameters necessary for further improvement. According to the results of the inspection of the rearing room for piglets, it was found that according to the existing system of negative pressure in the rearing room for piglets, most indicators (air velocity, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen) are within normal limits. According to the results of the inspection of the room for keeping piglets for rearing with a negative pressure microclimate system, it was found that the air temperature in the room does not meet the recommended limits and reaches 30 °C, while the maximum recommended temperature for piglets for fattening is 20 °C. The air temperature is uneven along the length of the room, which is caused by uneven air supply from the vents. According to the results of the inspection of the room for piglets with a negative pressure microclimate system, it was found that the relative humidity at the height of the animals is higher than the recommended norms and reaches 95%, while the recommended humidity for piglets for fattening is not more than 80%. According to the results of the inspection of the room for keeping piglets for rearing with a negative pressure microclimate system, it can be stated that it is necessary to improve the air cooling system and replan the ventilation ducts of the ventilation system to ensure even air flow.

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Outcome after neonatal continuous negative-pressure ventilation: follow-up assessment

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68475-4 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 367 (9516) ◽

pp. 1080-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Katherine Telford ◽

Lorraine Waters ◽

Harish Vyas ◽

Bradley N Manktelow ◽

Elizabeth S Draper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Pressure ◽

Negative Pressure Ventilation

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Outcome After Neonatal Continuous Negative-Pressure Ventilation: Follow-up Assessment

Yearbook of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/s0084-3954(08)70213-6 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 ◽

pp. 386-388

Author(s):

J.A. Stockman

Keyword(s):

Negative Pressure ◽

Negative Pressure Ventilation

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The dependence of the productive qualities of pigs on the ventilation system of the premises during the suckling period of their cultivation

145 - Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva ◽

10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-76-83 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

S. Zhyzhka ◽

M. Povod

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Negative Pressure ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Uniform Pressure ◽

Suckling Period ◽

Negative Pressure Ventilation ◽

Young Pigs ◽

Key Words Ventilation ◽

Room Ventilation System ◽

Comprehensive Indicator

The dependence of the growth rate, the safety of young pigs in growing and fattening and their feeding qualities on the ventilation system of negative and uniform pressure in the suckling period of their cultivation was studied. We have found that the growth rate of piglets, and their payment of feed by growth during rearing, did not depend on the design features of the room ventilation system during suckling period. We have established some better preservation of piglets in growing with an unchanged ventilation system in the suckling and growing periods. It was revealed the tendency to insignificantly improve of the growth rate and feed payment by growths in piglets, which were grown during ventilation with uniform pressure in the suckling period. It was found that pigs that were raised during the suckling period with a uniform pressure ventilation system reached a mass of 100 kg at the age of 158.4 days, while their counterparts that were raised at that time with a negative pressure ventilation system reached the age of 159.8, that is later on 1, 4 days, or 0.88%. It wasn’t found a significant dependence of the feeding qualities of pigs on the ventilation system of the premises during the suckling period of their cultivation. There was a tendency to a slight improvement in the safety index by 1.9% in animals that were kept in the suckling period with a uniform pressure ventilation system, compared with analogues that were raised during this period with negative pressure ventilation. According to the calculation of the index of feeding qualities according to the formula M.D. Berezovsky, a comprehensive indicator of feeding qualities in animals that were raised during the suction period with uniform pressure ventilation was 21.4% higher compared to peers that were kept during negative pressure ventilation. In general, the growth rate of pigs during rearing and fattening, their safety during these periods and fattening qualities did not significantly depend on the ventilation system of the premises during the suction period of their rearing. Key words: ventilation, microclimate, sow, pig, multiplicity, growth, safety.

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Planning and Designing an Isolation Facility in Hospitals: Need of the Hour

International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Health Care Administration ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1036 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 48-56

Author(s):

Shakti Kumar Gupta ◽

K Shweta ◽

S Kant

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Infection Control ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Medical Condition ◽

Ventilation System ◽

The United States ◽

Control Measures ◽

Swine Flu ◽

Holistic View ◽

Isolation Facility

ABSTRACT Emerging infectious diseases represent an ongoing threat to the health and livelihoods of people globally. Over the past decade, numerous infectious diseases have shown up in the United States including SARS in 2003, H1N1 or 'swine flu’ in 2009, and now, the Ebola virus. Isolation of a patient is essentially an escalation of the core healthcare process. Best practice demands that isolation rooms be provided where care for the underlying medical condition is optimal. As uncontroversial as infection control may seem, the infrastructure required (such as washbasins and isolation rooms) is often lacking in hospitals. And if isolation rooms are available, proper maintenance of pressure gradients is an issue. In normal circumstances no purpose is served by routine cleaning of ventilation ducts. During replacement, dust is shed from old filters. All extract grilles and some types of supply grilles accumulate dust. These represent an infection risk. The dust reflects the air-borne flora at the time of deposition with organism death taking place at a rate determined by microbial, environmental and other factors. It is vital that regular monitoring and maintenance of the ventilation system is in place. The physical design of a hospital is an essential component of its infection control measures to minimize the risk of transmission of any infectious disease. Today, with a more progressive outlook, it is the fundamental requirement to adopt a holistic view of the design and management of hospitals. This document will not only help in making strategy for planning or renovating an isolation room and also helps in cleaning or maintenance of ventilation. How to cite this article Shweta K, Gupta SK, Chandrashekhar R, Kant S. Planning and Designing an Isolation Facility in Hospitals: Need of the Hour. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2015;3(1):48-56.

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Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in 6-month to 45-year-olds on selected areas of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03850-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vicente Urbano Nsue Ndong Nchama ◽

Ali Hamad Said ◽

Ali Mtoro ◽

Gertrudis Owono Bidjimi ◽

Marta Alene Owono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Malaria Control ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Age Groups ◽

Control Measures ◽

Equatorial Guinea ◽

Safety And Efficacy ◽

Bioko Island ◽

Malaria Vaccines

Abstract Background Extensive malaria control measures have been implemented on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea over the past 16 years, reducing parasite prevalence and malaria-related morbidity and mortality, but without achieving elimination. Malaria vaccines offer hope for reducing the burden to zero. Three phase 1/2 studies have been conducted successfully on Bioko Island to evaluate the safety and efficacy of whole Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccines. A large, pivotal trial of the safety and efficacy of the radiation-attenuated Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine against P. falciparum is planned for 2022. This study assessed the incidence of malaria at the phase 3 study site and characterized the influence of socio-demographic factors on the burden of malaria to guide trial design. Methods A cohort of 240 randomly selected individuals aged 6 months to 45 years from selected areas of North Bioko Province, Bioko Island, was followed for 24 weeks after clearance of parasitaemia. Assessment of clinical presentation consistent with malaria and thick blood smears were performed every 2 weeks. Incidence of first and multiple malaria infections per person-time of follow-up was estimated, compared between age groups, and examined for associated socio-demographic risk factors. Results There were 58 malaria infection episodes observed during the follow up period, including 47 first and 11 repeat infections. The incidence of malaria was 0.25 [95% CI (0.19, 0.32)] and of first malaria was 0.23 [95% CI (0.17, 0.30)] per person per 24 weeks (0.22 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.26 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.20 in 18–45-year-olds). Incidence of first malaria with symptoms was 0.13 [95% CI (0.09, 0.19)] per person per 24 weeks (0.16 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.10 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.11 in 18–45-year-olds). Multivariate assessment showed that study area, gender, malaria positivity at screening, and household socioeconomic status independently predicted the observed incidence of malaria. Conclusion Despite intensive malaria control efforts on Bioko Island, local transmission remains and is spread evenly throughout age groups. These incidence rates indicate moderate malaria transmission which may be sufficient to support future larger trials of PfSPZ Vaccine. The long-term goal is to conduct mass vaccination programmes to halt transmission and eliminate P. falciparum malaria.

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Airborne occupational exposures and the risk of developing respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in the Lifelines Cohort Study

Thorax ◽

10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216721 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. thoraxjnl-2020-216721

Author(s):

Md Omar Faruque ◽

H Marike Boezen ◽

Hans Kromhout ◽

Roel Vermeulen ◽

Ute Bültmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Airway Obstruction ◽

Chronic Bronchitis ◽

Chronic Cough ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Occupational Exposures ◽

Control Measures ◽

High Exposure ◽

Pesticides Exposure

ObjectivesTo date, only a few studies have investigated the associations between occupational exposures and respiratory outcomes longitudinally in the general population. We investigated the associations between occupational exposures and the development of respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in the Lifelines Cohort Study.MethodsWe included 35 739 occupationally active subjects with data on chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic bronchitis or airway obstruction at baseline and approximately 4.5 years follow-up. Exposures to biological dust, mineral dust, gases/fumes, pesticides, solvents and metals in the current job at baseline were estimated with the ALOHA+job-exposure matrix (JEM). Airway obstruction was defined as FEV1/FVC below the lower limit of normal. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline covariates was used to investigate the associations.ResultsAt follow-up, 1888 (6.0%), 1495 (4.7%), 710 (2.5%) and 508 (4.5%) subjects had developed chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic bronchitis and airway obstruction, respectively. High exposure to biological dust was associated with a higher odds to develop chronic cough and chronic bronchitis. High exposure to pesticides was associated with a higher odds for the development of all respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction. In the multiple exposures analyses, only the association between pesticides exposure and respiratory symptoms remained.ConclusionsSubjects exposed to high pesticides had a higher odds to develop respiratory symptoms on average 4.5 years later. Control measures should be taken to reduce pesticides exposure among the working population to prevent respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction.

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Sustained Improvement in Gas Exchange After Negative Pressure Ventilation for 8 Hours Per Day on 2 Successive Days in Chronic Airflow Limitation

American Review of Respiratory Disease ◽

10.1164/ajrccm/144.2.390 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 144 (2) ◽

pp. 390-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Enrique Fernandez ◽

Paltiel Weiner ◽

Ephraim Meltzer ◽

Mary M. Lutz ◽

David B. Badish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Negative Pressure ◽

Airflow Limitation ◽

Sustained Improvement ◽

Negative Pressure Ventilation

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The Analysis of the Impact of a Mild, Low-iodine, Lotion Soap on the Reduction of Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A New Opportunity for Surveillance by Objectives

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s019594170006625x ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 284-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kim M. Onesko ◽

Eugene C. Wienke

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Control Measures ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Care Community ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Medical Division ◽

Tract Infections ◽

The Impact ◽

Community Teaching

AbstractA significant unremitting increase in the incidence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in a 500-bed acute care community teaching hospital prompted reevaluation of the efficacy of the infection control measures used. A well-accepted, low-iodine, antimicrobial soap was used to replace a liquid natural handsoap in two areas with the highest incidence of MRSA—the intensive care unit, and a medical division.Over a two-year period, an analysis was made of the effect of soap replacement on nosocomial infections and pathogens. Soap changeover occurred at the midpoint of the two-year period. From year to year, the nosocomial MRSA rate decreased 80% (t test, P=0.005). Other pathogens that demonstrated a dramatic decrease included methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), infections where no pathogens were isolated, and various gram-negative infections. Categories of nosocomial infections that decreased included surgical wound infections, primary bacteremias, and respiratory tract infections. The overall nosocomial infection rate of the two combined areas decreased 21.5%, representing a year-to-year savings of $109,500. As a result, the decision was made to install the low-iodine hand-soap permanently at all sinks within the hospital.

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